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this will mean great changes

  • 1 mean

    I noun
    Mittelweg, der; Mitte, die

    a happy mean — der goldene Mittelweg

    II adjective
    1) (niggardly) schäbig (abwertend)
    2) (ignoble) schäbig (abwertend), gemein [Person, Verhalten, Gesinnung]
    3) (shabby) schäbig (abwertend) [Haus, Wohngegend]; armselig [Verhältnisse]

    be no mean athlete/feat — kein schlechter Sportler/keine schlechte Leistung sein

    III transitive verb,
    1) (have as one's purpose) beabsichtigen

    mean well by or to or towards somebody — es gut mit jemandem meinen

    what do you mean by [saying] that? — was willst du damit sagen?

    I meant it or it was meant as a joke — das sollte ein Scherz sein

    I mean to be obeyed — ich verlange, dass man mir gehorcht

    I meant to write, but forgot — ich hatte [fest] vor zu schreiben, aber habe es [dann] vergessen

    do you mean to say that...? — willst du damit sagen, dass...?

    I meant you to read the letter — ich wollte, dass du den Brief liest

    3) (intend to convey, refer to) meinen

    if you know or see what I mean — du verstehst, was ich meine?

    I really mean it, I mean what I say — ich meine das ernst; es ist mir Ernst damit

    4) (signify, entail, matter) bedeuten

    the name means/the instructions mean nothing to me — der Name sagt mir nichts/ich kann mit der Anleitung nichts anfangen

    * * *
    [mi:n] I adjective
    1) (not generous (with money etc): He's very mean (with his money / over pay).) knauserig
    2) (likely or intending to cause harm or annoyance: It is mean to tell lies.) gemein
    3) ((especially American) bad-tempered, vicious or cruel: a mean mood.) bösartig
    4) ((of a house etc) of poor quality; humble: a mean dwelling.) schäbig
    - academic.ru/45801/meanly">meanly
    - meanness
    - meanie
    II 1. adjective
    1) ((of a statistic) having the middle position between two points, quantities etc: the mean value on a graph.) Mittel-...
    2) (average: the mean annual rainfall.) durchschnittlich
    2. noun
    (something that is midway between two opposite ends or extremes: Three is the mean of the series one to five.) die Mitte
    III 1. past tense, past participle - meant; verb
    1) (to (intend to) express, show or indicate: `Vacation' means `holiday'; What do you mean by (saying/doing) that?) meinen
    2) (to intend: I meant to go to the exhibition but forgot; For whom was that letter meant?; He means (= is determined) to be a rich man some day.) beabsichtigen
    2. adjective
    ((of a look, glance etc) showing a certain feeling or giving a certain message: The teacher gave the boy a meaning look when he arrived late.) bedeutsam
    - meaningful
    - meaningless
    - be meant to
    - mean well
    * * *
    mean1
    [mi:n]
    1. esp BRIT (miserly) geizig, knauserig, kleinlich
    to be \mean with sth mit etw dat geizen
    2. (unkind) gemein, fies fam
    I felt a bit \mean ich kam mir ein bisschen schäbig vor
    to be \mean to sb gemein zu jdm sein
    to have a \mean streak eine gemeine Ader haben
    3. AM (vicious) aggressiv; (dangerous) gefährlich
    \mean dog bissiger Hund
    4. (run-down) heruntergekommen, schäbig pej
    5. (bad) schlecht
    he's no \mean cook er ist kein schlechter Koch
    no \mean feat eine Meisterleistung
    6. AM (sl: good) super fam, toll fam, geil sl
    he plays a \mean guitar er spielt supergeil Gitarre sl
    7. ( form: small) gering
    it should be clear even to the \meanest understanding das sollte auch dem Unbedarftesten klar sein
    mean2
    <meant, meant>
    [mi:n]
    vt
    to \mean sth
    1. (signify) word, symbol etw bedeuten
    that sign \means ‘no parking’ das Schild bedeutet ‚Parken verboten‘
    no \means no nein heißt nein
    does that name \mean anything to you? sagt dir der Name etwas?
    do you remember Jane Carter? — you \mean the woman we met in Scotland? erinnerst du dich an Jane Carter? — meinst du die Frau, die wir in Schottland getroffen haben?
    what do you \mean by that? was willst du damit sagen?
    what do you \mean, it was my fault? soll das etwa heißen, es war mein Fehler?
    what do you \mean by arriving so late? was denkst du dir eigentlich dabei, so spät zu kommen?
    did you have a good holiday? — it depends what you \mean by a good holiday hattest du einen schönen Urlaub? — es hängt davon ab, was du unter schönem Urlaub verstehst
    now I see what you \mean jetzt weiß ich, was du meinst
    I \mean to say [also,] ich muss schon sagen
    3. (be sincere) etw ernst meinen
    I \mean what I say es ist mir ernst mit dem, was ich sage
    he said a lot of things he didn't really \mean er sagte eine Menge Dinge, die er nicht so gemeint hat
    4. (intend) etw wollen
    he didn't \mean any harm er wollte nichts Böses
    I \meant it as a present for Joanna ich hatte es als Geschenk für Joanna gedacht
    to \mean to do sth etw tun wollen
    I really didn't \mean to offend you ich wollte dich wirklich nicht kränken
    I've been \meaning to phone you for a week or two ich will dich schon seit Wochen anrufen
    to be \meant to do sth etw tun sollen
    you're \meant to fill in a tax form every year Sie müssen jedes Jahr eine Steuererklärung ausfüllen
    to \mean sb [or AM for sb] to do sth wollen, dass jd etw tut
    they didn't \mean [for] her to read the letter sie wollten nicht, dass sie den Brief liest
    to be \meant as sth als etw gemeint [o gedacht] sein
    to be \meant for sb für jdn gedacht [o bestimmt] sein
    to be \meant for greater things zu Höherem bestimmt sein
    to be \meant for each other füreinander bestimmt sein
    to be \meant to be sth (intended to represent) etw sein [o darstellen] sollen; (intended as) etw sein sollen, als etw gemeint sein
    it's \meant to be Donald das soll Donald sein
    it was \meant to be a surprise das sollte eine Überraschung sein
    to \mean business es ernst meinen
    to \mean mischief Böses im Schilde führen
    to \mean well es gut meinen
    5. (result in) etw bedeuten [o fam heißen]
    lower costs \mean lower prices niedrigere Kosten bedeuten niedrigere Preise
    this \means war das ist eine Kriegserklärung
    does this \mean we'll have to cancel our holiday? heißt das, dass wir unseren Urlaub absagen müssen?
    6. (have significance) etw bedeuten
    it was just a kiss, it didn't \mean anything es war nur ein Kuss, das hatte nichts zu bedeuten
    to \mean a lot/nothing/something to sb jdm viel/nichts/etwas bedeuten
    mean3
    [mi:n]
    I. n (average) Mittel nt; (average value) Mittelwert m; ( fig) Mittelweg m
    II. adj inv durchschnittlich
    * * *
    I [miːn]
    adj (+er)
    1) (esp Brit: miserly) geizig, knauserig
    2) (= unkind, spiteful) gemein
    3) (= base, inferior) birth, motives niedrig
    4) (= shabby, unimpressive) shack, house schäbig, armselig
    5) (= vicious) bösartig; look gehässig, hinterhältig; criminal niederträchtig, abscheulich
    6)

    a sportsman/politician of no mean ability — ein sehr fähiger Sportler/Politiker

    II
    1. n
    (= middle term) Durchschnitt m; (MATH) Durchschnitt m, Mittelwert m, Mittel nt
    2. adj
    mittlere(r, s) III pret, ptp meant
    vt
    1) (= signify) bedeuten; (person = refer to, have in mind) meinen

    it means starting all over again — das bedeutet or das heißt, dass wir wieder ganz von vorne anfangen müssen

    this will mean great changesdies wird bedeutende Veränderungen zur Folge haben

    your friendship/he means a lot to me — deine Freundschaft/er bedeutet mir viel

    2) (= intend) beabsichtigen

    to be meant for sb/sth — für jdn/etw bestimmt sein

    to mean sb to do sth — wollen, dass jd etw tut

    what do you mean to do? —

    of course it hurt, I meant it to or it was meant to — natürlich tat das weh, das war Absicht

    without meaning to sound rude — ich möchte nicht unverschämt klingen(, aber...)

    I thought it was meant to be hot in the south —

    I mean to be obeyed — ich verlange, dass man mir gehorcht

    I mean to have itich bin fest entschlossen, es zu bekommen

    if he means to be awkward... —

    this present was meant for youdieses Geschenk sollte für dich sein or war für dich gedacht

    See:
    3) (= be serious about) ernst meinen

    I mean it! — das ist mein Ernst!, ich meine das ernst!

    do you mean to say you're not coming? — willst du damit sagen or soll das heißen, dass du nicht kommst?

    I mean what I sayich sage das im Ernst

    4)

    he means well/no harm — er meint es gut/nicht böse

    to mean sb no harm — es gut mit jdm meinen, jdm nichts Böses wollen; (physically) jdm nichts tun; (in past tense) jdm nichts tun wollen

    I meant no harm by what I said — was ich da gesagt habe, war nicht böse gemeint

    * * *
    mean1 [miːn] prät und pperf meant [ment]
    A v/t
    1. etwas im Sinn oder im Auge haben, beabsichtigen, vorhaben, (tun etc) wollen, (zu tun) gedenken:
    I mean to do it ich will es tun;
    he meant to write er wollte schreiben;
    I mean it es ist mir ernst damit;
    he means business er meint es ernst, er macht Ernst;
    he meant no harm er hat es nicht böse gemeint;
    no harm meant! nichts für ungut!;
    I mean what I say ich meine es, wie ich es sage; ich spaße nicht;
    I mean to say ich will sagen;
    I didn’t mean to disturb you ich wollte Sie nicht stören;
    without meaning it ohne es zu wollen; mischief 1
    2. (besonders passiv) bestimmen ( for für):
    he was meant to be a barrister er sollte Anwalt werden;
    this cake is meant to be eaten der Kuchen ist zum Essen da;
    that remark was meant for you diese Bemerkung galt dir oder war an deine Adresse gerichtet oder war auf dich abgezielt;
    that picture is meant to be Churchill das Bild soll Churchill sein oder darstellen
    3. meinen, sagen wollen:
    by “liberal” I mean … unter „liberal“ verstehe ich …;
    I mean his father ich meine seinen Vater;
    what do you mean by this?
    a) was wollen Sie damit sagen?,
    b) was verstehen Sie darunter?
    4. bedeuten:
    he means (all) the world to me er bedeutet mir alles
    5. (von Wörtern und Worten) bedeuten, heißen:
    what does “fair” mean”;
    does that mean anything to you? ist Ihnen das ein Begriff?, sagt Ihnen das etwas?
    6. be meant to do sth bes Br etwas tun müssen
    B v/i
    1. mean well es gut meinen:
    mean well (ill) by ( oder to) sb jemandem wohlgesinnt (übel gesinnt) sein
    2. bedeuten (to für oder dat):
    mean little (everything) to sb jemandem wenig (alles) bedeuten;
    money doesn’t mean much to her Geld bedeutet ihr nicht viel, sie macht sich nicht viel aus Geld;
    his work means everything to him seine Arbeit geht ihm über alles
    3. how do you mean? wie meinen Sie das?
    mean2 [miːn] adj (adv meanly)
    1. gemein, gering, niedrig (dem Stande nach):
    mean birth niedrige Herkunft;
    mean white HIST US Weiße(r) m (in den Südstaaten) ohne Landbesitz
    2. ärmlich, armselig, schäbig (Straßen etc)
    3. no mean … ein(e) recht beachtliche(r, s) …:
    no mean opponent ein nicht zu unterschätzender Gegner
    4. gemein, niederträchtig: trick A 2
    5. schäbig, geizig, knaus(e)rig, filzig:
    be mean with geizen mit
    6. umg (charakterlich) schäbig:
    a) sich schäbig oder gemein vorkommen ( about wegen),
    b) US sich unpässlich oder nicht ganz auf der Höhe fühlen
    7. besonders US umg
    a) fies (Person)
    b) scheußlich, bös (Sache)
    mean3 [miːn]
    A adj
    1. mittler(er, e, es), Mittel…, durchschnittlich, Durchschnitts…:
    mean course SCHIFF Mittelkurs m;
    mean life PHYS Lebensdauer f;
    mean height mittlere Höhe (über dem Meeresspiegel);
    mean annual temperature Temperaturjahresmittel n;
    mean sea level Normalnull n;
    mean proportional MATH mittlere Proportionale;
    mean value theorem MATH Mittelwertsatz m
    2. dazwischenliegend, Zwischen…
    B s
    1. Mitte f, (das) Mittlere, Mittel n, Durchschnitt m, Mittelweg m:
    strike a ( oder the) happy mean den goldenen Mittelweg wählen
    2. MATH Durchschnittszahl f, Mittel(wert) n(m):
    strike a mean einen Mittelwert errechnen; golden mean
    3. Logik: Mittelsatz m
    4. pl (als sg oder pl konstruiert) Mittel n oder pl, Weg(e) m(pl):
    by all means auf alle Fälle, unbedingt, natürlich;
    a) etwa, vielleicht, gar,
    b) überhaupt,
    c) auf irgendwelche Weise;
    by no means, not by any means durchaus nicht, keineswegs, auf keinen Fall;
    by some means or other auf die eine oder die andere Weise;
    by means of mittels, durch, mit;
    by this ( oder these) means hierdurch, damit;
    by other means mit anderen Mitteln;
    a means of communication ein Kommunikationsmittel;
    means of protection Schutzmittel;
    means of transport( ation bes US) Beförderungsmittel;
    adjust the means to the end die Mittel dem Zweck anpassen;
    find the means Mittel und Wege finden; end C 10
    5. pl (Geld)Mittel pl, Vermögen n, Einkommen n:
    live within (beyond) one’s means seinen Verhältnissen entsprechend (über seine Verhältnisse) leben;
    a man of means ein bemittelter Mann;
    means test Bedürftigkeitsermittlung f
    * * *
    I noun
    Mittelweg, der; Mitte, die
    II adjective
    1) (niggardly) schäbig (abwertend)
    2) (ignoble) schäbig (abwertend), gemein [Person, Verhalten, Gesinnung]
    3) (shabby) schäbig (abwertend) [Haus, Wohngegend]; armselig [Verhältnisse]

    be no mean athlete/feat — kein schlechter Sportler/keine schlechte Leistung sein

    III transitive verb,
    1) (have as one's purpose) beabsichtigen

    mean well by or to or towards somebody — es gut mit jemandem meinen

    what do you mean by [saying] that? — was willst du damit sagen?

    I meant it or it was meant as a joke — das sollte ein Scherz sein

    I mean to be obeyed — ich verlange, dass man mir gehorcht

    I meant to write, but forgot — ich hatte [fest] vor zu schreiben, aber habe es [dann] vergessen

    do you mean to say that...? — willst du damit sagen, dass...?

    2) (design, destine)

    I meant you to read the letter — ich wollte, dass du den Brief liest

    3) (intend to convey, refer to) meinen

    if you know or see what I mean — du verstehst, was ich meine?

    I really mean it, I mean what I say — ich meine das ernst; es ist mir Ernst damit

    4) (signify, entail, matter) bedeuten

    the name means/the instructions mean nothing to me — der Name sagt mir nichts/ich kann mit der Anleitung nichts anfangen

    * * *
    adj.
    bös adj.
    gemein adj. v.
    (§ p.,p.p.: meant)
    = beabsichtigen v.
    bedeuten v.
    heißen v.
    (§ p.,pp.: hieß, geheißen)
    meinen v.
    sagen wollen ausdr.
    vorhaben v.

    English-german dictionary > mean

  • 2 significar

    v.
    1 to mean.
    la luz roja significa que está en funcionamiento the red light means (that) it's working
    Esto significa traición This means treachery.
    2 to mean.
    eso significaría una subida de los precios that would mean a price rise
    3 to express.
    4 to signify, to be of importance, to count.
    Este papel significa This paper signifies=is of importance.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 to mean
    2 (hacer saber) to make known, express
    1 to stand out
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=querer decir) [palabra] to mean; [suceso] to mean, signify

    ¿qué significa "freelance"? — what does "freelance" mean?

    2) (=representar)
    3) (=expresar) to make known, express (a to)

    le significó la condolencia de la familiahe expressed o conveyed the family's sympathy

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( querer decir) palabra/símbolo to mean; hecho to mean, signify (frml)
    b) (suponer, representar) <mejora/ruina> to represent; <esfuerzo/riesgo> to involve
    c) (valer, importar) to mean
    2) (frml) ( expresar) < condolencias> to express; < importancia> to stress; < opinión> to state, make clear
    3) (frml) (distinguir, destacar)

    significar A algo/alguien COMO algo — to establish something/somebody as something

    2.
    significarse v pron (frml) ( destacarse - positivamente) to distinguish oneself; (- negativamente) to draw attention to oneself
    * * *
    = add up to, amount to, mean, signify, stand for, stack up.
    Ex. The impalpable nature of human relations can add up to a situation that bears little resemblance to the logical and ordered material discussed in class.
    Ex. One of the characteristic features of a post-coordinate indexing system is that searching amounts to more than making a note of the records listed under one index heading.
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex. MARC stands for Machine Readable Cataloguing.
    Ex. By American standards, this may not stack up to much, but in France these efforts to educate citizens stand out as a shining example.
    ----
    * considerar que significa = take to + mean.
    * no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no significar nada = add up to + nothing.
    * significar el final de = mean + the end of.
    * significar el fin de Algo = mean + an end to.
    * significar éxito = spell + success.
    * significar fracaso = signify + failure, spell + failure.
    * significar la diferencia entre... y = mean + the difference between... and.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( querer decir) palabra/símbolo to mean; hecho to mean, signify (frml)
    b) (suponer, representar) <mejora/ruina> to represent; <esfuerzo/riesgo> to involve
    c) (valer, importar) to mean
    2) (frml) ( expresar) < condolencias> to express; < importancia> to stress; < opinión> to state, make clear
    3) (frml) (distinguir, destacar)

    significar A algo/alguien COMO algo — to establish something/somebody as something

    2.
    significarse v pron (frml) ( destacarse - positivamente) to distinguish oneself; (- negativamente) to draw attention to oneself
    * * *
    = add up to, amount to, mean, signify, stand for, stack up.

    Ex: The impalpable nature of human relations can add up to a situation that bears little resemblance to the logical and ordered material discussed in class.

    Ex: One of the characteristic features of a post-coordinate indexing system is that searching amounts to more than making a note of the records listed under one index heading.
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: Within one main class the same piece of notation may be used to signify different concepts.
    Ex: MARC stands for Machine Readable Cataloguing.
    Ex: By American standards, this may not stack up to much, but in France these efforts to educate citizens stand out as a shining example.
    * considerar que significa = take to + mean.
    * no significar gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no significar nada = add up to + nothing.
    * significar el final de = mean + the end of.
    * significar el fin de Algo = mean + an end to.
    * significar éxito = spell + success.
    * significar fracaso = signify + failure, spell + failure.
    * significar la diferencia entre... y = mean + the difference between... and.

    * * *
    significar [A2 ]
    vt
    A
    1 (querer decir) «palabra/símbolo» to mean; «hecho» to mean, signify ( frml)
    2 (suponer, representar) to represent
    significa una mejoría del servicio it means o represents an improvement in the service
    la tarea más simple significa un gran esfuerzo the simplest of tasks involves a great deal of effort o is a real effort
    para mí no comer carne no significa ningún sacrificio it's no sacrifice for me not to eat meat
    3 (valer, importar) to mean
    ¿es que yo no significo nada para ti? don't I mean anything to you?
    B ( frml) (expresar) ‹condolencias› to express; ‹importancia› to stress; ‹opinión› to state, make clear
    C ( frml) (distinguir, destacar) significar A algo/algn COMO algo to establish sth/sb AS sth
    ( frml)
    A (destacarsepositivamente) to distinguish oneself; (— negativamente) to draw attention to oneself
    los grupos que más se significaron durante la huelga the groups that were most active o militant during the strike
    B
    (declararse): se significaron en apoyo de los despedidos they declared their support for the fired workers
    no quiso significarse he wouldn't state his position o take a stance
    * * *

    significar ( conjugate significar) verbo transitivo

    b) (suponer, representar) ‹mejora/ruina to represent;

    esfuerzo/riesgo to involve
    c) (valer, importar) to mean

    significar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (querer decir) to mean: esa señal significa que continuemos, that sign means that we must go on
    ¿qué significa sextante?, what does sextante mean?
    2 (equivaler, suponer) to mean: esto significará la ruina, this will mean ruin
    la intervención significaba un gran riesgo, the operation was very risky
    II vi (importar, valer) sus palabras significan mucho para mí, his words are very important to me ➣ Ver nota en mean
    ' significar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    suponer
    - implicar
    - representar
    English:
    denote
    - dinner
    - further
    - have
    - imply
    - mean
    - name
    - signify
    - spell
    - stand for
    - stand
    * * *
    vt
    1. [querer decir] to mean;
    la luz roja significa que está en funcionamiento the red light means (that) it's in operation;
    ¿qué significa “shrapnel”? what does “shrapnel” mean?
    2. [suponer, causar] to mean;
    eso significaría una subida de los precios that would mean a price rise;
    hacer eso significaría nuestra ruina if we did that it would be our ruin
    3. [expresar] to express
    vi
    [tener importancia]
    no significa nada para mí it means nothing to me
    * * *
    v/t mean, signify
    * * *
    significar {72} vt
    1) : to mean, to signify
    2) : to express, to make known
    * * *
    significar vb to mean
    ¿qué significa "gambling"? what does "gambling" mean?

    Spanish-English dictionary > significar

  • 3 suponer

    v.
    1 to suppose.
    supongo que ya habrán llegado I suppose o expect (that) they'll have arrived by now
    supongo que sí/no I suppose o expect so/not
    supongamos que me niego supposing I refuse
    es de suponer que se disculparán I would expect them to apologize
    suponiendo que… supposing o assuming that…
    María supone bien Mary supposes well.
    Esto supone un riesgo This entails a risk.
    2 to involve, to entail.
    Supone muchos peligros It involves much danger.
    3 to mean.
    4 to imagine.
    lo suponía I guessed as much
    te suponía mayor I thought you were older
    5 to be important.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ PONER], like link=poner poner (pp supuesto,-a)
    1 (gen) to suppose, assume
    2 (significar) to mean
    3 (conllevar) to mean, entail, require
    4 (adivinar) to guess; (imaginar) to imagine, think
    5 (creer) to think
    1 familiar supposition
    \
    como es de suponer as is to be expected
    ser de suponer to be likely
    * * *
    verb
    1) to suppose, presume
    * * *
    ( pp supuesto)
    1. VT
    1) (=imaginar) to imagine

    estoy muy satisfecho, como puedes suponer — I'm very pleased, as you can imagine

    ya puedes suponer lo que pasóyou can guess o imagine what happened

    le pagaron, supongamos, diez millones — he was paid, say, ten million

    es de suponer, es de suponer que haya protestas — I would imagine there will be protests, presumably there will be protests

    están muy apenados, como es de suponer — they are very upset, as you would expect

    como era de suponer, llegaron tarde — as was to be expected, they arrived late

    2)

    suponer que[intentando adivinar] to imagine that, suppose that, guess that *; [como hipótesis] to suppose that; [dando por sentado] to assume that, presume that

    supongo que necesitaréis unas vacacionesI imagine o suppose you'll need a holiday, I guess you'll need a holiday *

    sí, supongo que tienes razón — yes, I suppose you're right, yes, I guess you're right *

    supón que tuvieras mucho dinero, ¿qué harías? — suppose o supposing you had a lot of money, what would you do?

    suponiendo que todo salga según lo previstoassuming o presuming everything goes according to plan

    supongo que no, -¿crees que llegará tarde? -no lo sé, supongo que no — "do you think he'll be late?" - "I don't know, I don't suppose so"

    -no será fácil -no, supongo que no — "it won't be easy" - "no, I suppose not"

    supongo que — I suppose so, I imagine so, I guess so *

    3) (=atribuir)
    [con objeto indirecto de persona]

    os suponía informados de este asuntoI assumed o presumed you had been informed about this matter

    le supongo unos 60 añosI would say o guess he's about 60

    se le supone una gran antigüedadit is thought o believed to be very old

    4) (=implicar) to mean
    2.
    See:
    3.
    SM

    un suponer, a ver, un suponer, si tú fueras su marido, ¿qué harías? — OK, just supposing you were her husband, what would you do?

    si te ofrecen el puesto, es un suponer, ¿lo aceptarías? — supposing o suppose they were to offer you the job, would you accept?

    supongamos, es solo un suponer, que eso sea verdad — let us suppose, for the sake of argument, that it is true

    * * *
    I

    si quebraran, es un suponer,... — suppose o supposing they were to go bankrupt,...

    si, es un suponer, perdieses tu trabajo... — just supposing for the sake of argument that you were to lose your job

    II
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar como hipótesis) to suppose, assume

    supongamos que lo que dice es ciertolet's suppose o assume what he says is true

    supongamos que los dos ángulos son igualeslet us suppose o assume that both angles are equal

    b) ( imaginar)

    nada hacía suponer que... — there was nothing to suggest that...

    ¿va a venir hoy? - supongo que sí — is she coming today? - I should think so o I imagine so

    es de suponer que se lo habrán dichopresumably o I should think o I would imagine he's been told

    c) ( atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le suponía más edadI imagined o thought he was older

    se le suponía un valor aproximado de... — it was thought to be worth approximately...

    2) (significar, implicar) to mean

    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio — that would mean having to start from the beginning again; (+ me/te/le etc)

    * * *
    = assume, entail, guess, involve, mean, presume, surmise, suppose, gather, account for.
    Ex. The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.
    Ex. Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex. 'Anything wrong?' 'Oh, I'm okay, I guess,' volunteered Datto cautiously.
    Ex. Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex. These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex. We presumed this principle of organization in the case of searching the public library for a document about programmed instruction.
    Ex. One is to read a portion of the newspaper and to surmise under what headings it has been indexed.
    Ex. Suppose we are searching for information about the subject 'The use of television in remedial teaching in primary schools'.
    Ex. The script was improvised on an outline which, I gathered, was the result of three sessions' hard talking to decide whose ideas out of the many suggested should be used.
    Ex. The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    ----
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer nada = add up to + nothing.
    * que supone = associated with.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, supposedly.
    * según sabe suponer = allegedly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer peligro = hold + danger.
    * suponerse que + Subjuntivo = be alleged + Infinitivo.
    * suponer una avance sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer un avance = be a step forward.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * supongo que = I daresay that.
    * * *
    I

    si quebraran, es un suponer,... — suppose o supposing they were to go bankrupt,...

    si, es un suponer, perdieses tu trabajo... — just supposing for the sake of argument that you were to lose your job

    II
    verbo transitivo
    1)
    a) ( tomar como hipótesis) to suppose, assume

    supongamos que lo que dice es ciertolet's suppose o assume what he says is true

    supongamos que los dos ángulos son igualeslet us suppose o assume that both angles are equal

    b) ( imaginar)

    nada hacía suponer que... — there was nothing to suggest that...

    ¿va a venir hoy? - supongo que sí — is she coming today? - I should think so o I imagine so

    es de suponer que se lo habrán dichopresumably o I should think o I would imagine he's been told

    c) ( atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    le suponía más edadI imagined o thought he was older

    se le suponía un valor aproximado de... — it was thought to be worth approximately...

    2) (significar, implicar) to mean

    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio — that would mean having to start from the beginning again; (+ me/te/le etc)

    * * *
    = assume, entail, guess, involve, mean, presume, surmise, suppose, gather, account for.

    Ex: The foregoing discussion concerning analytical entries assumes implicitly a conventional catalogue format, that is, card, microform or other printed catalogue.

    Ex: Secondly, the admission of rules incompatible with the general ideology adopted inevitably entails subsequent remedial revision.
    Ex: 'Anything wrong?' 'Oh, I'm okay, I guess,' volunteered Datto cautiously.
    Ex: Generating author indexes or catalogues involves creating headings from author's names, that is the names of persons or organisations.
    Ex: These changes have meant modifications, some very time-consuming, to serials catalogues in libraries.
    Ex: We presumed this principle of organization in the case of searching the public library for a document about programmed instruction.
    Ex: One is to read a portion of the newspaper and to surmise under what headings it has been indexed.
    Ex: Suppose we are searching for information about the subject 'The use of television in remedial teaching in primary schools'.
    Ex: The script was improvised on an outline which, I gathered, was the result of three sessions' hard talking to decide whose ideas out of the many suggested should be used.
    Ex: The major four categories of physical forms outlined so far account for most of the published indexes and catalogues.
    * como cabría suponer = as might be expected.
    * es de suponer que = presumably.
    * gastos que no suponen un gran desembolso de dinero = out-of-pocket costs.
    * no suponer gran cosa = not add up to much.
    * no suponer nada = add up to + nothing.
    * que supone = associated with.
    * según cabe suponer = presumably, supposedly.
    * según sabe suponer = allegedly.
    * suponer la diferencia entre el éxito o el fracaso = make or break.
    * suponer peligro = hold + danger.
    * suponerse que + Subjuntivo = be alleged + Infinitivo.
    * suponer una avance sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer una diferencia sobre = move + one away from.
    * suponer un avance = be a step forward.
    * suponer un cambio = bring about + change.
    * supongo que = I daresay that.

    * * *
    imagínate que te toca la lotería, es un suponer, ¿qué harías? imagine you won the lottery, just supposing, what would you do?
    si la empresa quebrara, es un suponer, … just suppose o just supposing the company were to go bankrupt, …, if the company were to go bankrupt, just for the sake of argument, …
    suponer2 [ E22 ]
    vt
    A
    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true
    suponiendo que todo salga como está previsto assuming everything goes according to plan
    supongamos que los dos ángulos son iguales let us suppose o assume that both angles are equal
    ni aun suponiendo que fuera verdad, no tiene derecho a hablar así even supposing it were true, he has no right to talk like that
    2
    (imaginar): supuse que ibas a comprarlo tú I thought o presumed o assumed you were going to buy it
    supongo que tienes razón I suppose you're right
    nada hacía suponer que ocurriría una cosa así there was nothing to suggest o there was no reason to suppose that something like that would happen
    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I imagine so
    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think o I would assume o I would imagine he's been told
    era de suponer que se lo iban a dar it was to be expected that they would give it to him
    se supone que tendría que empezar a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    ¿dónde se supone que vamos? where are we supposed o meant to be going?
    3 (atribuir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    le suponía más edad I imagined o thought he was older
    se le suponen propiedades medicinales it is believed o held to have medicinal qualities
    al cuadro se le suponía un valor aproximado de … the painting was thought to be worth approximately …
    B (significar, implicar) to mean
    el proyecto supondrá una inversión de cinco millones de dólares the project will mean an investment of five million dollars
    la preparación del congreso supuso cinco meses de trabajo the preparation for the convention involved o took five months' work
    eso supondría tener que empezar desde el principio that would mean having to start from the beginning again
    (+ me/te/le etc): ese negocio no le supuso ningún beneficio that deal didn't make him any profit
    no me supone problema ninguno/ninguna molestia it's no trouble at all
    el traslado nos va a suponer muchos inconvenientes the move will cause us a great deal of inconvenience, the move will mean o will involve a great deal of inconvenience
    * * *

     

    suponer ( conjugate suponer) verbo transitivo
    1

    supongamos que lo que dice es cierto let's suppose o assume what he says is true;

    suponiendo que todo salga bien assuming everything goes OK
    b) ( imaginar):


    ¿va a venir hoy? — supongo que sí is she coming today? — I should think so o I suppose so;
    es de suponer que se lo habrán dicho presumably o I should think he's been told;
    se supone que empieza a las nueve it's supposed to start at nine
    2 (significar, implicar) to mean;

    suponer verbo transitivo
    1 (creer, imaginar) to suppose: supongamos que..., let's assume o suppose that...
    supongo que me llamarán, I presume they're going to phone me
    supongo que sí, I suppose so
    se supone que acaba a las seis, it's supposed to finish at six
    se supone que él es el entendido, he's supposed to be the expert
    te suponía en París, I thought you were in Paris
    2 (conllevar, significar) to mean, involve: no supone ningún riesgo, it doesn't involve any risk
    (la amistad, el aprecio) to mean ➣ Ver nota en mean
    ♦ Locuciones: ser de suponer: es de suponer que se lo han contado, presumably o I would imagine she's been told
    ser un suponer, to be conjecture
    ' suponer' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    condicionamiento
    - creer
    - esperar
    - hacer
    - imaginar
    - imaginarse
    - jugar
    - significar
    - asumir
    - supuse
    English:
    assume
    - entail
    - expect
    - guess
    - imagine
    - imply
    - involve
    - mean
    - pose
    - presumably
    - presume
    - suppose
    - surmise
    - take
    - say
    * * *
    nm
    imagino que nos invitarán – eso es un suponer I imagine they'll invite us – that's pure conjecture o you can't say for sure;
    imagina, y es un suponer, que te quedas sin dinero imagine, for the sake of argument, that you didn't have any money
    vt
    1. [creer, presuponer] to suppose;
    supongo que ya habrán llegado I suppose o expect (that) they'll have arrived by now;
    supongo que tienes razón I suppose o guess you're right;
    supongo que sí/no I suppose o expect so/not;
    supongamos que me niego supposing I refuse;
    es de suponer que se disculparán I would expect them to apologize;
    es de suponer una nueva bajada de los tipos de interés a further drop in interest rates seems likely, we can expect a further drop in interest rates;
    al final lo perdí todo – era de suponer in the end I lost everything – it was only to be expected o that's hardly surprising;
    nada hacía suponer que… there was nothing to suggest that…;
    todo hacía suponer que se llegaría a un acuerdo everything pointed to an agreement;
    suponiendo que… supposing o assuming that…;
    suponiendo que no te moleste as long as o assuming it doesn't bother you
    2. [implicar] to involve, to entail;
    una dieta así supone mucho sacrificio a diet like that involves a lot of sacrifices;
    esto nos supone un cambio de planes this involves o entails o means a change of plan for us;
    no me supuso ningún esfuerzo it was no trouble (for me)
    3. [significar] to mean;
    supone mucho para mí it means a lot to me;
    este descubrimiento supone un importante avance para la ciencia this discovery constitutes a major advance for science
    4. [conjeturar] to imagine;
    lo suponía I guessed as much;
    te suponía mayor I thought you were older
    * * *
    <part supuesto> v/t suppose, assume;
    supongamos que … let’s suppose o assume that …;
    supongo que sí I suppose so
    * * *
    suponer {60} vt
    1) presumir: to suppose, to assume
    supongo que sí: I guess so, I suppose so
    se supone que van a llegar mañana: they're supposed to arrive tomorrow
    2) : to imply, to suggest
    3) : to involve, to entail
    el éxito supone mucho trabajo: success involves a lot of work
    * * *
    1. (creer) to suppose / to expect
    2. (significar) to mean [pt. & pp. meant]
    3. (implicar, conllevar) to involve / to be
    supongamos que... supposing...

    Spanish-English dictionary > suponer

  • 4 модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

    1. modular data center

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
    -
    [Интент]

    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


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    Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

  • 5 modular data center

    1. модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)

     

    модульный центр обработки данных (ЦОД)
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    Параллельные тексты EN-RU

    [ http://loosebolts.wordpress.com/2008/12/02/our-vision-for-generation-4-modular-data-centers-one-way-of-getting-it-just-right/]

    [ http://dcnt.ru/?p=9299#more-9299]

    Data Centers are a hot topic these days. No matter where you look, this once obscure aspect of infrastructure is getting a lot of attention. For years, there have been cost pressures on IT operations and this, when the need for modern capacity is greater than ever, has thrust data centers into the spotlight. Server and rack density continues to rise, placing DC professionals and businesses in tighter and tougher situations while they struggle to manage their IT environments. And now hyper-scale cloud infrastructure is taking traditional technologies to limits never explored before and focusing the imagination of the IT industry on new possibilities.

    В настоящее время центры обработки данных являются широко обсуждаемой темой. Куда ни посмотришь, этот некогда малоизвестный аспект инфраструктуры привлекает все больше внимания. Годами ИТ-отделы испытывали нехватку средств и это выдвинуло ЦОДы в центр внимания, в то время, когда необходимость в современных ЦОДах стала как никогда высокой. Плотность серверов и стоек продолжают расти, все больше усложняя ситуацию для специалистов в области охлаждения и организаций в их попытках управлять своими ИТ-средами. И теперь гипермасштабируемая облачная инфраструктура подвергает традиционные технологии невиданным ранее нагрузкам, и заставляет ИТ-индустрию искать новые возможности.

    At Microsoft, we have focused a lot of thought and research around how to best operate and maintain our global infrastructure and we want to share those learnings. While obviously there are some aspects that we keep to ourselves, we have shared how we operate facilities daily, our technologies and methodologies, and, most importantly, how we monitor and manage our facilities. Whether it’s speaking at industry events, inviting customers to our “Microsoft data center conferences” held in our data centers, or through other media like blogging and white papers, we believe sharing best practices is paramount and will drive the industry forward. So in that vein, we have some interesting news to share.

    В компании MicroSoft уделяют большое внимание изучению наилучших методов эксплуатации и технического обслуживания своей глобальной инфраструктуры и делятся результатами своих исследований. И хотя мы, конечно, не раскрываем некоторые аспекты своих исследований, мы делимся повседневным опытом эксплуатации дата-центров, своими технологиями и методологиями и, что важнее всего, методами контроля и управления своими объектами. Будь то доклады на отраслевых событиях, приглашение клиентов на наши конференции, которые посвящены центрам обработки данных MicroSoft, и проводятся в этих самых дата-центрах, или использование других средств, например, блоги и спецификации, мы уверены, что обмен передовым опытом имеет первостепенное значение и будет продвигать отрасль вперед.

    Today we are sharing our Generation 4 Modular Data Center plan. This is our vision and will be the foundation of our cloud data center infrastructure in the next five years. We believe it is one of the most revolutionary changes to happen to data centers in the last 30 years. Joining me, in writing this blog are Daniel Costello, my director of Data Center Research and Engineering and Christian Belady, principal power and cooling architect. I feel their voices will add significant value to driving understanding around the many benefits included in this new design paradigm.

    Сейчас мы хотим поделиться своим планом модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения. Это наше видение и оно будет основанием для инфраструктуры наших облачных дата-центров в ближайшие пять лет. Мы считаем, что это одно из самых революционных изменений в дата-центрах за последние 30 лет. Вместе со мной в написании этого блога участвовали Дэниел Костелло, директор по исследованиям и инжинирингу дата-центров, и Кристиан Белади, главный архитектор систем энергоснабжения и охлаждения. Мне кажется, что их авторитет придаст больше веса большому количеству преимуществ, включенных в эту новую парадигму проектирования.

    Our “Gen 4” modular data centers will take the flexibility of containerized servers—like those in our Chicago data center—and apply it across the entire facility. So what do we mean by modular? Think of it like “building blocks”, where the data center will be composed of modular units of prefabricated mechanical, electrical, security components, etc., in addition to containerized servers.

    Was there a key driver for the Generation 4 Data Center?

    Наши модульные дата-центры “Gen 4” будут гибкими с контейнерами серверов – как серверы в нашем чикагском дата-центре. И гибкость будет применяться ко всему ЦОД. Итак, что мы подразумеваем под модульностью? Мы думаем о ней как о “строительных блоках”, где дата-центр будет состоять из модульных блоков изготовленных в заводских условиях электрических систем и систем охлаждения, а также систем безопасности и т.п., в дополнение к контейнеризованным серверам.
    Был ли ключевой стимул для разработки дата-центра четвертого поколения?


    If we were to summarize the promise of our Gen 4 design into a single sentence it would be something like this: “A highly modular, scalable, efficient, just-in-time data center capacity program that can be delivered anywhere in the world very quickly and cheaply, while allowing for continued growth as required.” Sounds too good to be true, doesn’t it? Well, keep in mind that these concepts have been in initial development and prototyping for over a year and are based on cumulative knowledge of previous facility generations and the advances we have made since we began our investments in earnest on this new design.

    Если бы нам нужно было обобщить достоинства нашего проекта Gen 4 в одном предложении, это выглядело бы следующим образом: “Центр обработки данных с высоким уровнем модульности, расширяемости, и энергетической эффективности, а также возможностью постоянного расширения, в случае необходимости, который можно очень быстро и дешево развертывать в любом месте мира”. Звучит слишком хорошо для того чтобы быть правдой, не так ли? Ну, не забывайте, что эти концепции находились в процессе начальной разработки и создания опытного образца в течение более одного года и основываются на опыте, накопленном в ходе развития предыдущих поколений ЦОД, а также успехах, сделанных нами со времени, когда мы начали вкладывать серьезные средства в этот новый проект.

    One of the biggest challenges we’ve had at Microsoft is something Mike likes to call the ‘Goldilock’s Problem’. In a nutshell, the problem can be stated as:

    The worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is not have enough capacity online, thus limiting the growth of our products and services.

    Одну из самых больших проблем, с которыми приходилось сталкиваться Майкрософт, Майк любит называть ‘Проблемой Лютика’. Вкратце, эту проблему можно выразить следующим образом:

    Самое худшее, что может быть при строительстве ЦОД для бизнеса, это не располагать достаточными производственными мощностями, и тем самым ограничивать рост наших продуктов и сервисов.

    The second worst thing we can do in delivering facilities for the business is to have too much capacity online.

    А вторым самым худшим моментом в этой сфере может слишком большое количество производственных мощностей.

    This has led to a focus on smart, intelligent growth for the business — refining our overall demand picture. It can’t be too hot. It can’t be too cold. It has to be ‘Just Right!’ The capital dollars of investment are too large to make without long term planning. As we struggled to master these interesting challenges, we had to ensure that our technological plan also included solutions for the business and operational challenges we faced as well.
    So let’s take a high level look at our Generation 4 design

    Это заставило нас сосредоточиваться на интеллектуальном росте для бизнеса — refining our overall demand picture. Это не должно быть слишком горячим. И это не должно быть слишком холодным. Это должно быть ‘как раз, таким как надо!’ Нельзя делать такие большие капиталовложения без долгосрочного планирования. Пока мы старались решить эти интересные проблемы, мы должны были гарантировать, что наш технологический план будет также включать решения для коммерческих и эксплуатационных проблем, с которыми нам также приходилось сталкиваться.
    Давайте рассмотрим наш проект дата-центра четвертого поколения

    Are you ready for some great visuals? Check out this video at Soapbox. Click here for the Microsoft 4th Gen Video.

    It’s a concept video that came out of my Data Center Research and Engineering team, under Daniel Costello, that will give you a view into what we think is the future.

    From a configuration, construct-ability and time to market perspective, our primary goals and objectives are to modularize the whole data center. Not just the server side (like the Chicago facility), but the mechanical and electrical space as well. This means using the same kind of parts in pre-manufactured modules, the ability to use containers, skids, or rack-based deployments and the ability to tailor the Redundancy and Reliability requirements to the application at a very specific level.


    Посмотрите это видео, перейдите по ссылке для просмотра видео о Microsoft 4th Gen:

    Это концептуальное видео, созданное командой отдела Data Center Research and Engineering, возглавляемого Дэниелом Костелло, которое даст вам наше представление о будущем.

    С точки зрения конфигурации, строительной технологичности и времени вывода на рынок, нашими главными целями и задачами агрегатирование всего дата-центра. Не только серверную часть, как дата-центр в Чикаго, но также системы охлаждения и электрические системы. Это означает применение деталей одного типа в сборных модулях, возможность использования контейнеров, салазок, или стоечных систем, а также возможность подстраивать требования избыточности и надежности для данного приложения на очень специфичном уровне.

    Our goals from a cost perspective were simple in concept but tough to deliver. First and foremost, we had to reduce the capital cost per critical Mega Watt by the class of use. Some applications can run with N-level redundancy in the infrastructure, others require a little more infrastructure for support. These different classes of infrastructure requirements meant that optimizing for all cost classes was paramount. At Microsoft, we are not a one trick pony and have many Online products and services (240+) that require different levels of operational support. We understand that and ensured that we addressed it in our design which will allow us to reduce capital costs by 20%-40% or greater depending upon class.


    Нашими целями в области затрат были концептуально простыми, но трудно реализуемыми. В первую очередь мы должны были снизить капитальные затраты в пересчете на один мегаватт, в зависимости от класса резервирования. Некоторые приложения могут вполне работать на базе инфраструктуры с резервированием на уровне N, то есть без резервирования, а для работы других приложений требуется больше инфраструктуры. Эти разные классы требований инфраструктуры подразумевали, что оптимизация всех классов затрат имеет преобладающее значение. В Майкрософт мы не ограничиваемся одним решением и располагаем большим количеством интерактивных продуктов и сервисов (240+), которым требуются разные уровни эксплуатационной поддержки. Мы понимаем это, и учитываем это в своем проекте, который позволит нам сокращать капитальные затраты на 20%-40% или более в зависимости от класса.

    For example, non-critical or geo redundant applications have low hardware reliability requirements on a location basis. As a result, Gen 4 can be configured to provide stripped down, low-cost infrastructure with little or no redundancy and/or temperature control. Let’s say an Online service team decides that due to the dramatically lower cost, they will simply use uncontrolled outside air with temperatures ranging 10-35 C and 20-80% RH. The reality is we are already spec-ing this for all of our servers today and working with server vendors to broaden that range even further as Gen 4 becomes a reality. For this class of infrastructure, we eliminate generators, chillers, UPSs, and possibly lower costs relative to traditional infrastructure.

    Например, некритичные или гео-избыточные системы имеют низкие требования к аппаратной надежности на основе местоположения. В результате этого, Gen 4 можно конфигурировать для упрощенной, недорогой инфраструктуры с низким уровнем (или вообще без резервирования) резервирования и / или температурного контроля. Скажем, команда интерактивного сервиса решает, что, в связи с намного меньшими затратами, они будут просто использовать некондиционированный наружный воздух с температурой 10-35°C и влажностью 20-80% RH. В реальности мы уже сегодня предъявляем эти требования к своим серверам и работаем с поставщиками серверов над еще большим расширением диапазона температур, так как наш модуль и подход Gen 4 становится реальностью. Для подобного класса инфраструктуры мы удаляем генераторы, чиллеры, ИБП, и, возможно, будем предлагать более низкие затраты, по сравнению с традиционной инфраструктурой.

    Applications that demand higher level of redundancy or temperature control will use configurations of Gen 4 to meet those needs, however, they will also cost more (but still less than traditional data centers). We see this cost difference driving engineering behavioral change in that we predict more applications will drive towards Geo redundancy to lower costs.

    Системы, которым требуется более высокий уровень резервирования или температурного контроля, будут использовать конфигурации Gen 4, отвечающие этим требованиям, однако, они будут также стоить больше. Но все равно они будут стоить меньше, чем традиционные дата-центры. Мы предвидим, что эти различия в затратах будут вызывать изменения в методах инжиниринга, и по нашим прогнозам, это будет выражаться в переходе все большего числа систем на гео-избыточность и меньшие затраты.

    Another cool thing about Gen 4 is that it allows us to deploy capacity when our demand dictates it. Once finalized, we will no longer need to make large upfront investments. Imagine driving capital costs more closely in-line with actual demand, thus greatly reducing time-to-market and adding the capacity Online inherent in the design. Also reduced is the amount of construction labor required to put these “building blocks” together. Since the entire platform requires pre-manufacture of its core components, on-site construction costs are lowered. This allows us to maximize our return on invested capital.

    Еще одно достоинство Gen 4 состоит в том, что он позволяет нам разворачивать дополнительные мощности, когда нам это необходимо. Как только мы закончим проект, нам больше не нужно будет делать большие начальные капиталовложения. Представьте себе возможность более точного согласования капитальных затрат с реальными требованиями, и тем самым значительного снижения времени вывода на рынок и интерактивного добавления мощностей, предусматриваемого проектом. Также снижен объем строительных работ, требуемых для сборки этих “строительных блоков”. Поскольку вся платформа требует предварительного изготовления ее базовых компонентов, затраты на сборку также снижены. Это позволит нам увеличить до максимума окупаемость своих капиталовложений.
    Мы все подвергаем сомнению

    In our design process, we questioned everything. You may notice there is no roof and some might be uncomfortable with this. We explored the need of one and throughout our research we got some surprising (positive) results that showed one wasn’t needed.

    В своем процессе проектирования мы все подвергаем сомнению. Вы, наверное, обратили внимание на отсутствие крыши, и некоторым специалистам это могло не понравиться. Мы изучили необходимость в крыше и в ходе своих исследований получили удивительные результаты, которые показали, что крыша не нужна.
    Серийное производство дата центров


    In short, we are striving to bring Henry Ford’s Model T factory to the data center. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Ford#Model_T. Gen 4 will move data centers from a custom design and build model to a commoditized manufacturing approach. We intend to have our components built in factories and then assemble them in one location (the data center site) very quickly. Think about how a computer, car or plane is built today. Components are manufactured by different companies all over the world to a predefined spec and then integrated in one location based on demands and feature requirements. And just like Henry Ford’s assembly line drove the cost of building and the time-to-market down dramatically for the automobile industry, we expect Gen 4 to do the same for data centers. Everything will be pre-manufactured and assembled on the pad.

    Мы хотим применить модель автомобильной фабрики Генри Форда к дата-центру. Проект Gen 4 будет способствовать переходу от модели специализированного проектирования и строительства к товарно-производственному, серийному подходу. Мы намерены изготавливать свои компоненты на заводах, а затем очень быстро собирать их в одном месте, в месте строительства дата-центра. Подумайте о том, как сегодня изготавливается компьютер, автомобиль или самолет. Компоненты изготавливаются по заранее определенным спецификациям разными компаниями во всем мире, затем собираются в одном месте на основе спроса и требуемых характеристик. И точно так же как сборочный конвейер Генри Форда привел к значительному уменьшению затрат на производство и времени вывода на рынок в автомобильной промышленности, мы надеемся, что Gen 4 сделает то же самое для дата-центров. Все будет предварительно изготавливаться и собираться на месте.
    Невероятно энергоэффективный ЦОД


    And did we mention that this platform will be, overall, incredibly energy efficient? From a total energy perspective not only will we have remarkable PUE values, but the total cost of energy going into the facility will be greatly reduced as well. How much energy goes into making concrete? Will we need as much of it? How much energy goes into the fuel of the construction vehicles? This will also be greatly reduced! A key driver is our goal to achieve an average PUE at or below 1.125 by 2012 across our data centers. More than that, we are on a mission to reduce the overall amount of copper and water used in these facilities. We believe these will be the next areas of industry attention when and if the energy problem is solved. So we are asking today…“how can we build a data center with less building”?

    А мы упоминали, что эта платформа будет, в общем, невероятно энергоэффективной? С точки зрения общей энергии, мы получим не только поразительные значения PUE, но общая стоимость энергии, затраченной на объект будет также значительно снижена. Сколько энергии идет на производство бетона? Нам нужно будет столько энергии? Сколько энергии идет на питание инженерных строительных машин? Это тоже будет значительно снижено! Главным стимулом является достижение среднего PUE не больше 1.125 для всех наших дата-центров к 2012 году. Более того, у нас есть задача сокращения общего количества меди и воды в дата-центрах. Мы думаем, что эти задачи станут следующей заботой отрасли после того как будет решена энергетическая проблема. Итак, сегодня мы спрашиваем себя…“как можно построить дата-центр с меньшим объемом строительных работ”?
    Строительство дата центров без чиллеров

    We have talked openly and publicly about building chiller-less data centers and running our facilities using aggressive outside economization. Our sincerest hope is that Gen 4 will completely eliminate the use of water. Today’s data centers use massive amounts of water and we see water as the next scarce resource and have decided to take a proactive stance on making water conservation part of our plan.

    Мы открыто и публично говорили о строительстве дата-центров без чиллеров и активном использовании в наших центрах обработки данных технологий свободного охлаждения или фрикулинга. Мы искренне надеемся, что Gen 4 позволит полностью отказаться от использования воды. Современные дата-центры расходуют большие объемы воды и так как мы считаем воду следующим редким ресурсом, мы решили принять упреждающие меры и включить экономию воды в свой план.

    By sharing this with the industry, we believe everyone can benefit from our methodology. While this concept and approach may be intimidating (or downright frightening) to some in the industry, disclosure ultimately is better for all of us.

    Делясь этим опытом с отраслью, мы считаем, что каждый сможет извлечь выгоду из нашей методологией. Хотя эта концепция и подход могут показаться пугающими (или откровенно страшными) для некоторых отраслевых специалистов, раскрывая свои планы мы, в конечном счете, делаем лучше для всех нас.

    Gen 4 design (even more than just containers), could reduce the ‘religious’ debates in our industry. With the central spine infrastructure in place, containers or pre-manufactured server halls can be either AC or DC, air-side economized or water-side economized, or not economized at all (though the sanity of that might be questioned). Gen 4 will allow us to decommission, repair and upgrade quickly because everything is modular. No longer will we be governed by the initial decisions made when constructing the facility. We will have almost unlimited use and re-use of the facility and site. We will also be able to use power in an ultra-fluid fashion moving load from critical to non-critical as use and capacity requirements dictate.

    Проект Gen 4 позволит уменьшить ‘религиозные’ споры в нашей отрасли. Располагая базовой инфраструктурой, контейнеры или сборные серверные могут оборудоваться системами переменного или постоянного тока, воздушными или водяными экономайзерами, или вообще не использовать экономайзеры. Хотя можно подвергать сомнению разумность такого решения. Gen 4 позволит нам быстро выполнять работы по выводу из эксплуатации, ремонту и модернизации, поскольку все будет модульным. Мы больше не будем руководствоваться начальными решениями, принятыми во время строительства дата-центра. Мы сможем использовать этот дата-центр и инфраструктуру в течение почти неограниченного периода времени. Мы также сможем применять сверхгибкие методы использования электрической энергии, переводя оборудование в режимы критической или некритической нагрузки в соответствии с требуемой мощностью.
    Gen 4 – это стандартная платформа

    Finally, we believe this is a big game changer. Gen 4 will provide a standard platform that our industry can innovate around. For example, all modules in our Gen 4 will have common interfaces clearly defined by our specs and any vendor that meets these specifications will be able to plug into our infrastructure. Whether you are a computer vendor, UPS vendor, generator vendor, etc., you will be able to plug and play into our infrastructure. This means we can also source anyone, anywhere on the globe to minimize costs and maximize performance. We want to help motivate the industry to further innovate—with innovations from which everyone can reap the benefits.

    Наконец, мы уверены, что это будет фактором, который значительно изменит ситуацию. Gen 4 будет представлять собой стандартную платформу, которую отрасль сможет обновлять. Например, все модули в нашем Gen 4 будут иметь общепринятые интерфейсы, четко определяемые нашими спецификациями, и оборудование любого поставщика, которое отвечает этим спецификациям можно будет включать в нашу инфраструктуру. Независимо от того производите вы компьютеры, ИБП, генераторы и т.п., вы сможете включать свое оборудование нашу инфраструктуру. Это означает, что мы также сможем обеспечивать всех, в любом месте земного шара, тем самым сводя до минимума затраты и максимальной увеличивая производительность. Мы хотим создать в отрасли мотивацию для дальнейших инноваций – инноваций, от которых каждый сможет получать выгоду.
    Главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen4

    To summarize, the key characteristics of our Generation 4 data centers are:

    Scalable
    Plug-and-play spine infrastructure
    Factory pre-assembled: Pre-Assembled Containers (PACs) & Pre-Manufactured Buildings (PMBs)
    Rapid deployment
    De-mountable
    Reduce TTM
    Reduced construction
    Sustainable measures

    Ниже приведены главные характеристики дата-центров четвертого поколения Gen 4:

    Расширяемость;
    Готовая к использованию базовая инфраструктура;
    Изготовление в заводских условиях: сборные контейнеры (PAC) и сборные здания (PMB);
    Быстрота развертывания;
    Возможность демонтажа;
    Снижение времени вывода на рынок (TTM);
    Сокращение сроков строительства;
    Экологичность;

    Map applications to DC Class

    We hope you join us on this incredible journey of change and innovation!

    Long hours of research and engineering time are invested into this process. There are still some long days and nights ahead, but the vision is clear. Rest assured however, that we as refine Generation 4, the team will soon be looking to Generation 5 (even if it is a bit farther out). There is always room to get better.


    Использование систем электропитания постоянного тока.

    Мы надеемся, что вы присоединитесь к нам в этом невероятном путешествии по миру изменений и инноваций!

    На этот проект уже потрачены долгие часы исследований и проектирования. И еще предстоит потратить много дней и ночей, но мы имеем четкое представление о конечной цели. Однако будьте уверены, что как только мы доведем до конца проект модульного дата-центра четвертого поколения, мы вскоре начнем думать о проекте дата-центра пятого поколения. Всегда есть возможность для улучшений.

    So if you happen to come across Goldilocks in the forest, and you are curious as to why she is smiling you will know that she feels very good about getting very close to ‘JUST RIGHT’.

    Generations of Evolution – some background on our data center designs

    Так что, если вы встретите в лесу девочку по имени Лютик, и вам станет любопытно, почему она улыбается, вы будете знать, что она очень довольна тем, что очень близко подошла к ‘ОПИМАЛЬНОМУ РЕШЕНИЮ’.
    Поколения эволюции – история развития наших дата-центров

    We thought you might be interested in understanding what happened in the first three generations of our data center designs. When Ray Ozzie wrote his Software plus Services memo it posed a very interesting challenge to us. The winds of change were at ‘tornado’ proportions. That “plus Services” tag had some significant (and unstated) challenges inherent to it. The first was that Microsoft was going to evolve even further into an operations company. While we had been running large scale Internet services since 1995, this development lead us to an entirely new level. Additionally, these “services” would span across both Internet and Enterprise businesses. To those of you who have to operate “stuff”, you know that these are two very different worlds in operational models and challenges. It also meant that, to achieve the same level of reliability and performance required our infrastructure was going to have to scale globally and in a significant way.

    Мы подумали, что может быть вам будет интересно узнать историю первых трех поколений наших центров обработки данных. Когда Рэй Оззи написал свою памятную записку Software plus Services, он поставил перед нами очень интересную задачу. Ветра перемен двигались с ураганной скоростью. Это окончание “plus Services” скрывало в себе какие-то значительные и неопределенные задачи. Первая заключалась в том, что Майкрософт собиралась в еще большей степени стать операционной компанией. Несмотря на то, что мы управляли большими интернет-сервисами, начиная с 1995 г., эта разработка подняла нас на абсолютно новый уровень. Кроме того, эти “сервисы” охватывали интернет-компании и корпорации. Тем, кому приходится всем этим управлять, известно, что есть два очень разных мира в области операционных моделей и задач. Это также означало, что для достижения такого же уровня надежности и производительности требовалось, чтобы наша инфраструктура располагала значительными возможностями расширения в глобальных масштабах.

    It was that intense atmosphere of change that we first started re-evaluating data center technology and processes in general and our ideas began to reach farther than what was accepted by the industry at large. This was the era of Generation 1. As we look at where most of the world’s data centers are today (and where our facilities were), it represented all the known learning and design requirements that had been in place since IBM built the first purpose-built computer room. These facilities focused more around uptime, reliability and redundancy. Big infrastructure was held accountable to solve all potential environmental shortfalls. This is where the majority of infrastructure in the industry still is today.

    Именно в этой атмосфере серьезных изменений мы впервые начали переоценку ЦОД-технологий и технологий вообще, и наши идеи начали выходить за пределы общепринятых в отрасли представлений. Это была эпоха ЦОД первого поколения. Когда мы узнали, где сегодня располагается большинство мировых дата-центров и где находятся наши предприятия, это представляло весь опыт и навыки проектирования, накопленные со времени, когда IBM построила первую серверную. В этих ЦОД больше внимания уделялось бесперебойной работе, надежности и резервированию. Большая инфраструктура была призвана решать все потенциальные экологические проблемы. Сегодня большая часть инфраструктуры все еще находится на этом этапе своего развития.

    We soon realized that traditional data centers were quickly becoming outdated. They were not keeping up with the demands of what was happening technologically and environmentally. That’s when we kicked off our Generation 2 design. Gen 2 facilities started taking into account sustainability, energy efficiency, and really looking at the total cost of energy and operations.

    Очень быстро мы поняли, что стандартные дата-центры очень быстро становятся устаревшими. Они не поспевали за темпами изменений технологических и экологических требований. Именно тогда мы стали разрабатывать ЦОД второго поколения. В этих дата-центрах Gen 2 стали принимать во внимание такие факторы как устойчивое развитие, энергетическая эффективность, а также общие энергетические и эксплуатационные.

    No longer did we view data centers just for the upfront capital costs, but we took a hard look at the facility over the course of its life. Our Quincy, Washington and San Antonio, Texas facilities are examples of our Gen 2 data centers where we explored and implemented new ways to lessen the impact on the environment. These facilities are considered two leading industry examples, based on their energy efficiency and ability to run and operate at new levels of scale and performance by leveraging clean hydro power (Quincy) and recycled waste water (San Antonio) to cool the facility during peak cooling months.

    Мы больше не рассматривали дата-центры только с точки зрения начальных капитальных затрат, а внимательно следили за работой ЦОД на протяжении его срока службы. Наши объекты в Куинси, Вашингтоне, и Сан-Антонио, Техас, являются образцами наших ЦОД второго поколения, в которых мы изучали и применяли на практике новые способы снижения воздействия на окружающую среду. Эти объекты считаются двумя ведущими отраслевыми примерами, исходя из их энергетической эффективности и способности работать на новых уровнях производительности, основанных на использовании чистой энергии воды (Куинси) и рециклирования отработанной воды (Сан-Антонио) для охлаждения объекта в самых жарких месяцах.

    As we were delivering our Gen 2 facilities into steel and concrete, our Generation 3 facilities were rapidly driving the evolution of the program. The key concepts for our Gen 3 design are increased modularity and greater concentration around energy efficiency and scale. The Gen 3 facility will be best represented by the Chicago, Illinois facility currently under construction. This facility will seem very foreign compared to the traditional data center concepts most of the industry is comfortable with. In fact, if you ever sit around in our container hanger in Chicago it will look incredibly different from a traditional raised-floor data center. We anticipate this modularization will drive huge efficiencies in terms of cost and operations for our business. We will also introduce significant changes in the environmental systems used to run our facilities. These concepts and processes (where applicable) will help us gain even greater efficiencies in our existing footprint, allowing us to further maximize infrastructure investments.

    Так как наши ЦОД второго поколения строились из стали и бетона, наши центры обработки данных третьего поколения начали их быстро вытеснять. Главными концептуальными особенностями ЦОД третьего поколения Gen 3 являются повышенная модульность и большее внимание к энергетической эффективности и масштабированию. Дата-центры третьего поколения лучше всего представлены объектом, который в настоящее время строится в Чикаго, Иллинойс. Этот ЦОД будет выглядеть очень необычно, по сравнению с общепринятыми в отрасли представлениями о дата-центре. Действительно, если вам когда-либо удастся побывать в нашем контейнерном ангаре в Чикаго, он покажется вам совершенно непохожим на обычный дата-центр с фальшполом. Мы предполагаем, что этот модульный подход будет способствовать значительному повышению эффективности нашего бизнеса в отношении затрат и операций. Мы также внесем существенные изменения в климатические системы, используемые в наших ЦОД. Эти концепции и технологии, если применимо, позволят нам добиться еще большей эффективности наших существующих дата-центров, и тем самым еще больше увеличивать капиталовложения в инфраструктуру.

    This is definitely a journey, not a destination industry. In fact, our Generation 4 design has been under heavy engineering for viability and cost for over a year. While the demand of our commercial growth required us to make investments as we grew, we treated each step in the learning as a process for further innovation in data centers. The design for our future Gen 4 facilities enabled us to make visionary advances that addressed the challenges of building, running, and operating facilities all in one concerted effort.

    Это определенно путешествие, а не конечный пункт назначения. На самом деле, наш проект ЦОД четвертого поколения подвергался серьезным испытаниям на жизнеспособность и затраты на протяжении целого года. Хотя необходимость в коммерческом росте требовала от нас постоянных капиталовложений, мы рассматривали каждый этап своего развития как шаг к будущим инновациям в области дата-центров. Проект наших будущих ЦОД четвертого поколения Gen 4 позволил нам делать фантастические предположения, которые касались задач строительства, управления и эксплуатации объектов как единого упорядоченного процесса.


    Тематики

    Синонимы

    EN

    Англо-русский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > modular data center

  • 6 marcha

    f.
    1 departure.
    ha anunciado su marcha de la empresa she has announced that she will be leaving the company
    2 course.
    el tren detuvo su marcha the train stopped
    a toda marcha at top speed
    se bajó en marcha del tren he jumped off the train while it was moving
    poner en marcha to start; (empezar) to activate (dispositivo, alarma)
    hacer algo sobre la marcha to do something as one goes along
    3 gear.
    cambiar de marcha to change gear
    meter la cuarta marcha to go into fourth gear
    marcha atrás reverse (gear)
    4 march (military & politics).
    abrir la marcha to head the procession
    cerrar la marcha to bring up the rear
    5 march (Music).
    marcha fúnebre/nupcial funeral/wedding march
    la marcha Real = the Spanish national anthem
    6 walk (sport).
    7 liveliness, life (informal) (animation). (peninsular Spanish)
    hay mucha marcha there's a great atmosphere
    ir de marcha to go out on the town
    tener (mucha) marcha to be a (real) raver
    8 parade.
    9 operation, march, working, running.
    10 pace, walk.
    11 gait, tramp-along.
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: marchar.
    * * *
    1 (de protesta, soldados) march
    2 (progreso) course, progress
    3 (partida) departure; (abandono) leaving
    4 (velocidad) speed
    5 AUTOMÓVIL gear
    6 MÚSICA march
    7 DEPORTE walk
    8 familiar (de persona) go, energy; (de lugar, ambiente) life
    esta mujer tiene una marcha increíble she's full of life, she's full of energy
    \
    a marchas forzadas against the clock
    a toda marcha at full speed
    abrir la marcha to head the march
    cerrar la marcha to bring up the rear
    dar marcha atrás (coche) to reverse 2 (proyecto) to fall through
    estar en marcha (máquina) to be on, be working 2 (cambio, proyecto) to be under way
    ir de marcha (en el ejército) to go on a march 2 (por la noche) to go out on the razzle, go out on the town
    poner en marcha (coche) to start 2 (proyecto) to start up
    sobre la marcha as we (I, you, etc) go along, as we (I, you, etc) go
    ¡en marcha! off we go!
    marcha atrás AUTOMÓVIL reverse (gear)
    marcha fúnebre funeral march
    marcha nupcial wedding march
    * * *
    noun f.
    4) progress, course
    5) gear
    * * *
    SF
    1) [de soldados, manifestantes] march

    ¡en marcha! — let's go!, let's get going; (Mil) forward march!

    abrir la marcha — to head the march

    cerrar la marcha — to bring up the rear

    encabezar la marcha — to head the march

    ponerse en marcha — [persona] (lit) to set off; (fig) to set about; [máquina, motor] to start

    antes de ponerse en marcha, se recomienda que revisen sus vehículos — before setting off, we recommend that you check your vehicles

    ya se han puesto en marcha para preparar la querella — they have already set a lawsuit in motion, they have already set about bringing a lawsuit

    marcha a pie[de caminantes] (=excursión) hike; (=actividad) hiking; [de manifestantes] march

    marcha triunfal[de ejército] triumphal march; [hacia la meta] winning run

    2) (=partida) departure

    ¿a qué hora tenéis la marcha? — Esp * what time do you set off?

    3) (=velocidad) speed

    ¡vaya marcha que llevas! — Esp what a speed you go at!

    he tardado en coger la marcha pero ya estoy al díait took me a while to get into it o to get the hang of it but I'm on top of it now *

    marcha moderada — (Aut) slow

    acelerar la marcha — to speed up, go faster

    moderar la marcha — to slow down

    a toda marcha — at top speed

    4) (Mús) march

    la Marcha RealSpanish national anthem

    5) (Aut) gear

    cambiar de marcha — to change gear

    marcha corta/ directa — low/top gear

    marcha largahigh gear

    primera marcha — first gear

    marcha atrás[en vehículo] reverse, reverse gear; [en negociaciones] withdrawal; [en el acto sexual] * withdrawal

    dar marcha atrás[con un vehículo] to reverse, put the car/van etc into reverse; [en negociaciones, en el acto sexual] to withdraw

    a última hora han dado marcha atrásthey pulled out o withdrew at the last minute

    si pudiese dar marcha atrás en el tiempo... — if I could go back in time...

    6)

    en marcha — (=en funcionamiento) [máquina, sistema] in operation; [motor] running; [electrodoméstico, ordenador] on; [proyecto] under way, in progress, on the go

    un país en marchaa country on the move o that is going places

    poner en marcha — [+ máquina, motor] to start; [+ electrodoméstico, ordenador] to turn on; [+ proyecto, actividad] to set in motion; [+ ley, resolución] to implement

    7) (Dep) (=carrera) walk; (=excursión) walk, hike

    marcha atlética, marcha de competición — walk

    8) (=desarrollo) [de enfermedad] course; [de huracán] progress
    9) Esp
    ** (=animación)

    un sitio con mucha marcha — a very lively place, a place with a lot of action **

    ¿dónde está la marcha de Vigo? — where's the nightlife in Vigo?, where are the good bars in Vigo?

    les pegan y no se quejan, parece que les va la marcha — they get hit but never complain, it seems they like a bit of suffering

    estar/ir o salir de marcha — [a bares] to be out/go out (on the town) *; [a discotecas] to be out/go (out) clubbing *

    estuvimos de marcha hasta las cincowe were out (on the town) o out clubbing until five in the morning *

    ¿estuviste de marcha hasta muy tarde? — were you out very late last night?

    hace siglos que no vamos de marchawe haven't had a night out o been out for ages, we haven't been out on the town o (out) clubbing for ages *

    tener marcha — * [persona, música] to be lively; [ciudad] to be full of action, be buzzing *

    10) Méx (Aut) self-starter, self-starter motor
    11) Caribe [de caballo] slow trot
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mil) march; ( manifestación) march; ( caminata) hike, walk

    abrir or encabezar la marcha — to head the march

    en marcha! — (Mil) forward march!

    recojan todo y en marcha! — pick up your things and off you/we go!

    b) ( en atletismo) tb
    2) (paso, velocidad) speed

    llevamos una buena marcha, creo que acabaremos a tiempo — we're getting through it at quite a rate, I think we'll finish on time

    qué marcha llevas! — (Esp) what a speed o pace you go at!

    a marchas forzadas — (Esp) at top speed

    a toda marchaat full o top speed, flat out

    coger la marcha — (Esp)

    en cuanto cojas la marcha te será más fácilonce you get into the rhythm of it, you'll find it easier

    3) (Auto) gear
    4) ( funcionamiento) running

    estar en marcha motor to be running; proyecto to be up and running, to be under way; gestiones to be under way

    poner en marcha<coche/motor> to start; <plan/sistema> to set... in motion

    nos pusimos en marcha inmediatamentewe set out straightaway

    5) (curso, desarrollo) course

    sobre la marcha: iremos solucionando los problemas sobre la marcha — we'll solve any problems as we go along

    6) ( partida) departure
    7) (Mús) march

    marcha militar/nupcial/fúnebre — military/wedding/funeral march

    8) (Esp fam) (animación, ambiente)
    * * *
    = march.
    Ex. The march of information technology has changed service presentation but the media which are used today are those which have served public librarians for years.
    ----
    * aflojar la marcha = slow down, slow up.
    * a marchas forzadas = in a rush, against the clock.
    * aminorar la marcha = slow up.
    * arreglárselas sobre la marcha = wing it.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * cambiar de marcha = gear.
    * cambiar marchas = shift + gears.
    * dar marcha atrás = do + an about-face, back up, backpedal [back-pedal].
    * decidir Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * de marcha = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.
    * disminuir la marcha = slow down.
    * echar marcha atrás = do + an about-face, back out, back up.
    * en marcha = underway [under way], ongoing [on-going], afoot, under preparation, moving.
    * en plena marcha = in full swing, in full gear.
    * estar en marcha = tick over.
    * fusilar en el acto = shoot on + sight.
    * hacer Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * improvisar Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * informe sobre la marcha de un proyecto = progress report.
    * ir marcha atrás = back up.
    * irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * marcha atrás = about-face.
    * marcha fúnebre = dead march.
    * poner en marcha = implement, set up, trip, set out on, crank up.
    * poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.
    * poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.
    * ponerse en marcha = set off, get off + the ground, swing into + action.
    * puesta en marcha = implementation, startup [start-up].
    * salir de marcha = paint + the town red, party, go out on + the town.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * sobre la marcha = on-the-fly, off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], straight away, as you go, right away, at once.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Mil) march; ( manifestación) march; ( caminata) hike, walk

    abrir or encabezar la marcha — to head the march

    en marcha! — (Mil) forward march!

    recojan todo y en marcha! — pick up your things and off you/we go!

    b) ( en atletismo) tb
    2) (paso, velocidad) speed

    llevamos una buena marcha, creo que acabaremos a tiempo — we're getting through it at quite a rate, I think we'll finish on time

    qué marcha llevas! — (Esp) what a speed o pace you go at!

    a marchas forzadas — (Esp) at top speed

    a toda marchaat full o top speed, flat out

    coger la marcha — (Esp)

    en cuanto cojas la marcha te será más fácilonce you get into the rhythm of it, you'll find it easier

    3) (Auto) gear
    4) ( funcionamiento) running

    estar en marcha motor to be running; proyecto to be up and running, to be under way; gestiones to be under way

    poner en marcha<coche/motor> to start; <plan/sistema> to set... in motion

    nos pusimos en marcha inmediatamentewe set out straightaway

    5) (curso, desarrollo) course

    sobre la marcha: iremos solucionando los problemas sobre la marcha — we'll solve any problems as we go along

    6) ( partida) departure
    7) (Mús) march

    marcha militar/nupcial/fúnebre — military/wedding/funeral march

    8) (Esp fam) (animación, ambiente)
    * * *

    Ex: The march of information technology has changed service presentation but the media which are used today are those which have served public librarians for years.

    * aflojar la marcha = slow down, slow up.
    * a marchas forzadas = in a rush, against the clock.
    * aminorar la marcha = slow up.
    * arreglárselas sobre la marcha = wing it.
    * a toda marcha = at full throttle, at top speed, at full blast, at full speed, at full stretch.
    * cambiar de marcha = gear.
    * cambiar marchas = shift + gears.
    * dar marcha atrás = do + an about-face, back up, backpedal [back-pedal].
    * decidir Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * de marcha = out on the town, a (late) night out on the town.
    * disminuir la marcha = slow down.
    * echar marcha atrás = do + an about-face, back out, back up.
    * en marcha = underway [under way], ongoing [on-going], afoot, under preparation, moving.
    * en plena marcha = in full swing, in full gear.
    * estar en marcha = tick over.
    * fusilar en el acto = shoot on + sight.
    * hacer Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * improvisar Algo sobre la marcha = play + Nombre + by ear.
    * informe sobre la marcha de un proyecto = progress report.
    * ir marcha atrás = back up.
    * irse de marcha = paint + the town red, go out on + the town.
    * mantener las cosas en marcha = keep + the ball rolling, keep + it rolling.
    * marcha atrás = about-face.
    * marcha fúnebre = dead march.
    * poner en marcha = implement, set up, trip, set out on, crank up.
    * poner en marcha un proyecto = mobilise + effort.
    * poner las cosas en marcha = get + the ball rolling, set + the ball rolling, start + the ball rolling, get + things rolling, get + things going, set + the wheels in motion.
    * ponerse en marcha = set off, get off + the ground, swing into + action.
    * puesta en marcha = implementation, startup [start-up].
    * salir de marcha = paint + the town red, party, go out on + the town.
    * seguir la marcha de = monitor.
    * sobre la marcha = on-the-fly, off the top of + Posesivo + head, right off the bat, spur-of-the-moment, on the spur of the moment, while-you-wait [while-u-wait], straight away, as you go, right away, at once.
    * tiempo + seguir su marcha inexorable = time + march on.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Mil) march; (manifestación) march; (caminata) hike, walk
    los scouts van de marcha los domingos the scouts go walking o hiking on Sundays
    abrir or encabezar la marcha to head the march
    cerrar la marcha to bring up the rear
    ¡en marcha! ( Mil) forward march!
    vamos, recojan todo y ¡en marcha! come on, pick up your things and off you/we go!
    ponerse en marcha to set off
    B (paso, velocidad) speed
    ¡qué marcha llevas! ( Esp); what a speed o pace you go at!
    el vehículo disminuyó la marcha the car reduced speed o slowed down
    llevamos una buena marcha, creo que acabaremos a tiempo we're getting through it at quite a rate, I think we'll finish on time
    hay que acelerar la marcha, que vamos retrasados we've got to speed up, we're getting behind
    a marchas forzadas ( Esp); at top speed
    a toda marcha at full o top speed, flat out
    coger la marcha ( Esp): en cuanto cojas la marcha te será más fácil once you get into the rhythm of it, you'll find it easier
    C ( Auto) gear
    cambiar de marcha to change gear
    un coche de cinco marchas a car with five gears
    Compuesto:
    reverse, reverse gear
    meter la marcha atrás to put the car into reverse
    dar or hacer marcha atrás ( Auto) to go into reverse; (arrepentirse, retroceder) to pull out, back out;
    (en el acto sexual) ( fam) to withdraw
    al final dieron marcha atrás they pulled out at the last minute
    esto supondría dar marcha atrás en las negociaciones de paz this would mean withdrawing from the peace negotiations
    la buena marcha del vehículo the efficient running of your vehicle
    estar en marcha «motor» to be running;
    «proyecto» to be up and running, to be under way; «gestiones» to be under way
    tenemos todos los operativos de seguridad en marcha all security measures are now in force o operation
    poner en marcha ‹coche/motor› to start;
    ‹plan/proyecto/sistema› to set … in motion
    las negociaciones se han puesto en marcha the negotiations have been set in motion
    puso en marcha un nuevo experimento he set up a new experiment
    ponerse en marcha «tren/coche» to move off;
    «persona» to set off, set out
    E (curso, desarrollo) course
    la marcha de los acontecimientos the course of events
    la marcha del progreso económico the march of economic progress
    sobre la marcha: iremos solucionando los problemas sobre la marcha we'll solve any problems as we go along o as we go, we'll cross our bridges when we come to them
    lo decidiremos sobre la marcha we'll play it by ear
    F (partida) departure
    G ( Mús) march
    marcha militar/nupcial/fúnebre military/wedding/funeral march
    H
    ( Esp fam) (animación, ambiente): en esta ciudad hay mucha marcha this city is very lively o has a lot of night life
    ¡qué marcha tiene! he's so full of energy, he has so much energy
    irle a algn la marcha ( Esp fam): les va la marcha cantidad they're really into having a good time o into the night life o into the action ( colloq)
    no la invites porque no le va la marcha don't invite her because she's not into parties ( o dancing etc) ( colloq)
    * * *

     

    Del verbo marchar: ( conjugate marchar)

    marcha es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    marcha    
    marchar
    marcha sustantivo femenino
    1
    a) (Mil) march;

    ( manifestación) march;
    ( caminata) hike, walk;
    ir de marcha to go walking o hiking;

    recojan todo y ¡en marcha! pick up your things and off you/we go!;
    ponerse en marcha to set off
    b) ( en atletismo) tb


    2 (paso, velocidad) speed;
    el vehículo disminuyó la marcha the car reduced speed o slowed down;

    acelerar la marcha to speed up;
    a toda marcha at full o top speed, flat out
    3 (Auto) gear;

    meter la marcha atrás to put the car into reverse;
    dar or hacer marcha atrás (Auto) to go into reverse;

    (arrepentirse, retroceder) to pull out, back out
    4 ( funcionamiento) running;
    estar en marcha [ motor] to be running;


    [ proyecto] to be up and running, to be under way;
    [ gestiones] to be under way;
    poner en marchacoche/motor› to start;


    plan/sistema› to set … in motion;
    ponerse en marcha [ tren] to move off

    5 (curso, desarrollo) course;

    sobre la marcha: hago correciones sobre la marcha I make corrections as I go along;
    lo decidiremos sobre la marcha we'll play it by ear
    6 ( partida) departure
    7 (Mús) march;

    8 (Esp fam) (animación, ambiente):

    ¡qué marcha tiene! he's so full of energy
    marchar ( conjugate marchar) verbo intransitivo
    1 [ coche] to go, run;
    [reloj/máquina] to work;
    [negocio/relación/empresa] to work;
    su matrimonio no marcha muy bien his marriage isn't going o working very well

    2
    a) (Mil) to march


    marcharse verbo pronominal (esp Esp) to leave;
    se marcha a Roma he's leaving for o going off to Rome

    marcha sustantivo femenino
    1 (partida) departure
    2 (camino) iniciad la marcha antes del anochecer, set off before dusk
    realizamos una marcha de cinco horas, we had a five hours walk
    3 (curso, rumbo) course: eso alteraría la marcha de los acontecimientos, that would change the course of events
    4 (funcionamiento) running: la impresora está en marcha, the printer is working
    pongámonos en marcha, let's get to work
    5 (velocidad, ritmo) aminora la marcha, slow down
    aprieta la marcha, speed up
    6 Auto gear: íbamos marcha atrás, we were going in reverse (gear)
    7 Dep walk: practica la marcha, he walks
    8 Mús march
    9 fam (diversión) going on: tiene mucha marcha, he likes a good time
    ♦ Locuciones: a marchas forzadas, at top speed
    a toda marcha, at full speed
    sobre la marcha, as one goes along: lo decidimos sobre la marcha, we made up our minds as we went along
    marchar verbo intransitivo
    1 (ir) to go, walk
    2 (funcionar) to go, work: el ordenador marcha estupendamente, the computer works perfectly
    las cosas marchan mal entre nosotros, things are going badly between us
    3 Mil to march

    ' marcha' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abandono
    - activar
    - aminorar
    - anquilosar
    - curso
    - enchufar
    - estimativa
    - estimativo
    - iniciar
    - marchar
    - perla
    - reemprender
    - regular
    - ritmo
    - segunda
    - velocidad
    - acelerar
    - aflojar
    - chocar
    - corear
    - desautorizar
    - emprender
    - mal
    - meter
    - poner
    - puesta
    - sacar
    - triunfal
    English:
    action
    - arrest
    - back
    - back up
    - backpedal
    - cap
    - change
    - change down
    - change up
    - decelerate
    - dream
    - economic
    - engage
    - first gear
    - foot
    - gear
    - get
    - go
    - go along
    - going
    - ground
    - head
    - initiate
    - machinery
    - March
    - motion
    - move
    - moving
    - outlay
    - pick up
    - reverse
    - second gear
    - slacken
    - start
    - strategy
    - swing
    - turn on
    - walking
    - way
    - bump
    - coast
    - implementation
    - march
    - run
    - running
    - set
    - shift
    - sound
    - speed
    * * *
    marcha nf
    1. [partida] departure;
    ha anunciado su marcha de la empresa she has announced that she will be leaving the company
    2. [ritmo, velocidad] speed;
    acelerar la marcha to go faster;
    reducir la marcha to slow down;
    el tren detuvo su marcha the train stopped;
    a esta marcha terminaremos pronto at this rate we'll soon be finished;
    Esp
    a marchas forzadas [contrarreloj] against the clock;
    RP
    trabajar a media marcha to work at half speed;
    a toda marcha at top speed;
    Esp
    ¡llevas una marcha que no hay quien te siga! you're going so fast, no one can keep up with you!;
    Esp
    ¡vaya marcha que llevan los pasteles! those cakes are disappearing at a rate of knots!
    3. [funcionamiento]
    para la buena marcha de su automóvil son necesarias revisiones periódicas in order to make sure your car runs smoothly, it should be serviced regularly
    4. [transcurso] course;
    [progreso] progress;
    un apagón interrumpió la marcha del partido a power cut interrupted the (course of the) game;
    informó sobre la marcha de la empresa she gave a report on the company's progress;
    se bajó en marcha del tren he jumped off the train while it was moving;
    estar en marcha [motor, máquina] to be running;
    [campaña] to be under way; [tren] to be moving;
    ya están en marcha las nuevas medidas para combatir la inflación the new measures to fight inflation have been introduced;
    poner en marcha un automóvil/motor/proyecto to start a car/an engine/a project;
    ponerse en marcha [automóvil, tren, autocar] to set off;
    [proyecto, campaña] to get under way;
    hacer algo sobre la marcha to do sth as one goes along
    5. [en automóvil] gear;
    cambiar de marcha to change gear;
    no me entra la marcha atrás it won't go into reverse;
    meter la cuarta marcha to go into fourth gear
    marcha atrás [en automóvil] reverse; Fam Hum [al hacer el amor] coitus interruptus;
    el proceso de paz no tiene marcha atrás the only way for the peace process is forwards;
    dar marcha atrás [en automóvil] to reverse;
    [arrepentirse, desistir] to back out; Fam Hum [al hacer el amor] to withdraw (halfway through)
    6. [de soldados, manifestantes] march;
    [de montañeros, senderistas] hike;
    abrir la marcha to head the procession;
    cerrar la marcha to bring up the rear;
    emprender la marcha to set out;
    ¡en marcha! [dicho a soldados] forward march!;
    [dicho a niños, montañeros] on we go!, let's get going!;
    hacer una marcha [soldados, manifestantes] to go on a march;
    [montañeros, senderistas] to go on a hike;
    ir de marcha [montañeros, senderistas] to go hiking;
    ponerse en marcha [persona] to set off
    Hist la Marcha verde the Green March, = march organized by King Hassan II in 1975 which led to Spain handing over sovereignty of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania
    7. [obra musical] march
    marcha fúnebre funeral march;
    marcha militar military march;
    marcha nupcial wedding march;
    la Marcha Real = the Spanish national anthem
    los 20 kilómetros marcha the 20 kilometres walk
    9. Esp Fam [animación] liveliness, life;
    los lugares o [m5] sitios de marcha the places to go;
    ¿dónde está la marcha en esta ciudad? where's the action in this city?;
    hay mucha marcha there's a great atmosphere;
    ir de marcha to go out on the town;
    estuvimos de marcha hasta las siete we were out on the town until seven in the morning;
    este tío tiene mucha marcha this guy's a real live wire;
    mis abuelos tienen mucha marcha my grandparents are dead cool;
    esta ciudad tiene mucha marcha the atmosphere's great in this city;
    ¡qué poca marcha tienes! you're so boring!;
    le va la marcha [le gusta divertirse] she likes to have a good time;
    [le gusta sufrir] she's a sucker for punishment;
    parece que te vaya la marcha, mira que discutirle al jefe have you got a death wish or something, questioning what the boss says like that?
    * * *
    f
    1 ( salida) departure
    2 ( velocidad) speed;
    a toda marcha at top speed;
    a marchas forzadas fig flat out
    3 ( avance) progress;
    hacer algo sobre la marcha do sth as one goes along
    4 MIL march
    5 DEP walk;
    6 AUTO gear
    7 de máquina running;
    estar en marcha ( estar en funcionamiento) be working, be running; de coche be moving;
    bajarse del tren en marcha get off the train while it is moving;
    poner en marcha set in motion;
    ponerse en marcha get started, get going
    8 MÚS march
    9 Esp
    :
    tener mucha marcha fam be very lively;
    aquí hay mucha marcha fam this place is cool fam ;
    ir de marcha fam go out partying fam
    * * *
    marcha nf
    1) : march
    2) : hike, walk
    ir de marcha: to go hiking
    3) : pace, speed
    a toda marcha: at top speed
    4) : gear (of an automobile)
    marcha atrás: reverse, reverse gear
    5)
    en marcha : in motion, in gear, under way
    * * *
    1. (manifestación, militar, musical) march [pl. marches]
    2. (desarrollo) progress
    3. (velocidad) gear
    4. (energía persona) energy / go
    sobre la marcha as I go along / as you go along etc.

    Spanish-English dictionary > marcha

  • 7 avec

    avec [avεk]
       a. with
    il a commandé une pizza avec des frites ! he ordered a pizza with chips!
    elle est avec Robert ( = elle le fréquente) she's going out with Robert ; ( = ils vivent ensemble) she's living with Robert
    avec cela, avec ça (inf)
       b. ( = à l'égard de)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque avec signifie à l'égard de, sa traduction dépend de l'adjectif qu'il accompagne. Reportez-vous à l'autre mot.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
       c. (manière)
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    ► Lorsque avec + nom exprime le moyen ou la manière, l'anglais utilise souvent un adverbe. Reportez-vous à l'autre mot.
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    2. adverb
    (inf) tiens mes gants, je ne peux pas conduire avec hold my gloves, I can't drive with them on
    rends-moi mon stylo, tu allais partir avec ! give me back my pen, you were going to walk off with it!
    il faudra bien faire avec he (or we etc) will have to make do
    * * *
    avɛk
    1.
    (colloq) adverbe

    mon chapeau lui a plu, elle est partie avec — she liked my hat and went off with it


    2.

    se marier avec quelqu'un — to marry somebody, to get married to somebody

    et avec cela, que désirez-vous? — what else would you like?


    ••
    La préposition avec se traduit presque toujours par with
    - l'accompagnement: danser avec quelqu'un = to dance with somebody; du vin blanc avec du cassis = white wine with blackcurrant
    - la possession: la dame avec le chapeau noir = the lady with the black hat; une chemise avec un grand col = a shirt with a large collar
    - la relation: être d'accord avec quelqu'un = to agree with somebody; avec lui c'est toujours pareil = it's always the same with him
    - la simultanéité: se lever avec le soleil = to get up with the sun
    - l'opposition: se battre avec quelqu'un = to fight with somebody; être en concurrence avec quelqu'un = to be in competition with somebody
    - l'identité de vue: je suis avec toi = I'm with you
    - le moyen: avec une fourchette/une canne/de l'argent = with a fork/a stick/money
    Quand elle désigne la manière elle se traduit souvent par un adverbe formé à partir du nom qui la suit: avec attention = carefully; avec passion = passionately. On trouvera ces expressions sous attention, passion etc
    On notera toutefois que avec beaucoup d'attention, avec une grande passion se traduisent: with great care, with a lot of passion. Les expressions telles que avec l'âge/l'expérience/les années etc sont traitées respectivement sous âge, expérience, année etc
    * * *
    avɛk
    1. prép
    1) (= accompagné de) with

    J'y suis allé avec mon père. — I went there with my father.

    avec ça (= malgré ça)for all that

    2) (= au moyen de, en utilisant) with

    Je l'ai ajusté avec un rabot. — I shaved it with a plane.

    3) (= en faisant preuve de)

    avec grand soin — with great care, very carefully

    Il l'a fait avec soin. — He did it carefully.

    4) (= quand il s'agit de) with

    Avec eux, on n'est jamais tranquille. — With them you can never relax.

    5) (= à l'égard de)

    Elle a été très dure avec lui. — She was very hard on him.

    2. adv

    Il y avait Marie, Sébastien et qui d'autre avec? — There was Marie, Sébastien and who else with them?

    Il faudra faire avec. — We'll have to make do.

    * * *
    avec ⇒ Note d'usage
    A adv mon chapeau lui a plu, elle est partie avec she liked my hat and went off with it; si tu lui donnes tes bijoux, il va jouer avec if you give him your jewels he'll play with them; quand j'enlève le papier peint le plâtre vient avec when I take the wallpaper off, the plaster comes away with it.
    B prép viens avec tes amis bring your friends with you; une maison avec jardin/piscine a house with a garden GB ou yard US/swimming pool; je suis arrivée avec la pluie it started raining when I arrived; avec cette chaleur in ou with this heat; avec ce brouillard il va y avoir des accidents there are going to be some accidents with this fog; se marier avec qn to marry sb, to get married to sb; et avec cela, que désirez-vous? what else would you like?; je fais tout son travail et avec ça il n'est pas content! I do all his work and he's still not happy!; sa séparation or son divorce d'avec son mari her separation from her husband.
    [avɛk] préposition
    1. [indiquant la complémentarité, l'accompagnement, l'accord] with
    avec dans le rôle principal/dans son premier rôle, X starring/introducing X
    [envers]
    être patient/honnête avec quelqu'un to be patient/honest with somebody
    se comporter bien/mal avec quelqu'un to behave well/badly towards somebody
    [en ce qui concerne]
    a. [en plus] and on top of that ou and what's more, he's not happy!
    b. [malgré tout] with all that, he's still not happy!
    2. [indiquant la simultanéité]
    3. [indiquant une relation d'opposition] with
    4. [indiquant une relation de cause] with
    avec le temps qu'il fait, je préfère ne pas sortir I prefer not to go out in this weather
    ils ne pourront pas venir, avec cette pluie they won't be able to come with (all) this rain
    avec ce nouveau scandale, le ministre va tomber this new scandal will mean the end of the minister's career
    ils ont compris avec le temps in time, they understood
    5. [malgré]
    avec ses airs aimables, c'est une vraie peste despite his pleasant manner, he's a real pest
    6. [indiquant la manière] with
    faire quelque chose avec plaisir to do something with pleasure, to take pleasure in doing something
    regarder quelqu'un avec passion/mépris to look at somebody passionately/contemptuously
    7. [indiquant le moyen, l'instrument] with
    fonctionner avec des piles to run on batteries, to be battery-operated
    ————————
    [avɛk] adverbe
    ôtez vos chaussures, vous ne pouvez pas entrer avec take off your shoes, you can't come in with them (on)
    ————————
    d'avec locution prépositionnelle

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > avec

  • 8 importante

    adj.
    1 important (destacado, significativo).
    2 considerable.
    3 significant, considerable, sizable.
    * * *
    1 (gen) important; (por su gravedad) serious; (por su cantidad) considerable
    2 (influyente) important
    * * *
    adj.
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=trascendental) [información, persona] important; [acontecimiento] significant, important; [papel, factor, parte] important, major; [cambio] significant, major

    un paso importante para la democraciaan important o a big o a major step for democracy

    dárselas de importante — to give o.s. airs

    lo importante es... — the main thing is...

    poco importante — unimportant

    es importante queit is important that

    2) [como intensificador] [cantidad, pérdida] considerable; [herida] serious; [retraso] considerable, serious
    * * *
    a) <noticia/persona> important; <acontecimiento/cambio> important, significant

    ¿qué dice la carta? - nada importante — what does the letter say? - nothing of any importance o nothing much

    lo importante es... — the important thing is...

    dárselas de or hacerse el importante — to give oneself airs

    b) < pérdidas> serious, considerable; < daños> severe, considerable; < cantidad> considerable, significant
    * * *
    = considerable, important, major, notable, prominent, relevant, remarkable, significant, significantly, substantial, weighty, consequential, solid, acute, appreciable, major, mighty [mightier -comp., mightiest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], key, meaningful, vital, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.], of consequence, meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.], seminal.
    Ex. The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.
    Ex. Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    Ex. This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex. There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex. Classification is also prominent in the physical arrangement of documents.
    Ex. Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex. Two remarkable features of the BM code are its acceptance of corporate authorship, and its use of form headings.
    Ex. With online display, the alphabetical arrangement can become less significant, since all look-ups can be achieved with the computer, and there is less need for the scanning of alphabetical lists.
    Ex. The problem of their citation looms less significantly in abstracting and indexing products than that of the citation of periodical articles.
    Ex. This data base will eventually become a very substantial bibliographic data base.
    Ex. Whether the juxtaposition of language with literature is as weighty an advantage as has on occasion been claimed is, I think, debatable.
    Ex. The democratisation of Russian intellectual life was one of the most consequential of the dramatic social and political changes that took place in Russia in the 1860s.
    Ex. There is no doubt that the ideas put forward by Coates and their implementation in BTI have been a solid step forward in the theory of alphabetical subject headings.
    Ex. In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex. Cannabis often shows no appreciable effects the first time it is taken.
    Ex. In the face of present priorities and staff commitments, the Library feels that it cannot undertake a comprehensive study of the subject heading system that would pave the way for a major restructuring of the system.
    Ex. The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.
    Ex. However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex. This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.
    Ex. Each operator has a filing value which has been designate in order to ensure that terms appear in the index string in an order that will produce a meaningful set of index entries.
    Ex. The pressures of the marketplace mean that any vital facility must be offered by all of the major hosts.
    Ex. Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    Ex. We have the right and responsibility to make wise decisions in 'times of consequence'.
    Ex. We want Robyn to write about really meaty issues every week, instead of talking about spousal abuse.
    Ex. He has published seminal papers on automated cataloging and authority control in Library Journal, Library Quarterly, and Journal of Library Automation.
    ----
    * acontecimiento importante = milestone, red carpet event.
    * considerar importante = hold + Nombre + dear.
    * continuar siendo importante = remain + big.
    * economizar en cosas importantes y derrochar en nimiedades = penny wise, pound foolish.
    * el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * evento importante = milestone.
    * hacer que sea importante = render + important.
    * hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * la parte más importante = the heart of.
    * llegar a un momento importante en + Posesivo + historia = reach + milestone.
    * lo más importante = most of all.
    * lo que es más importante = most importantly, more importantly, most of all, most important.
    * lo que es muy importante = importantly.
    * más importante = foremost.
    * más importante aun = more significantly.
    * menos importante, el = least, the.
    * muy importante = critical, very importantly, big time.
    * poco importante = small-time.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * sentirse importante = feel + important.
    * ser Algo muy importante = loom + large.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * ser importante = be of importance, be of consequence.
    * suceso importante = critical incident.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre, not the least of + Nombre.
    * * *
    a) <noticia/persona> important; <acontecimiento/cambio> important, significant

    ¿qué dice la carta? - nada importante — what does the letter say? - nothing of any importance o nothing much

    lo importante es... — the important thing is...

    dárselas de or hacerse el importante — to give oneself airs

    b) < pérdidas> serious, considerable; < daños> severe, considerable; < cantidad> considerable, significant
    * * *
    = considerable, important, major, notable, prominent, relevant, remarkable, significant, significantly, substantial, weighty, consequential, solid, acute, appreciable, major, mighty [mightier -comp., mightiest -sup.], goodly [goodlier -comp., goodliest -sup.], key, meaningful, vital, hefty [heftier -comp., heftiest -sup.], of consequence, meaty [meatier -comp., meatiest -sup.], seminal.

    Ex: The need to become familiar with different command languages for different hosts is a considerable barrier to effective retrieval.

    Ex: Accessibility to the documents stored in files is an important factor, so the physical storage is important.
    Ex: This scheme aims for a more helpful order than the major schemes, by following the groupings of subjects as they are taught in schools.
    Ex: There are notable differences in practice between the United States and the United Kingdom.
    Ex: Classification is also prominent in the physical arrangement of documents.
    Ex: Most such bulletins list titles or abstracts, together with citations of relevant new documents in the subject area.
    Ex: Two remarkable features of the BM code are its acceptance of corporate authorship, and its use of form headings.
    Ex: With online display, the alphabetical arrangement can become less significant, since all look-ups can be achieved with the computer, and there is less need for the scanning of alphabetical lists.
    Ex: The problem of their citation looms less significantly in abstracting and indexing products than that of the citation of periodical articles.
    Ex: This data base will eventually become a very substantial bibliographic data base.
    Ex: Whether the juxtaposition of language with literature is as weighty an advantage as has on occasion been claimed is, I think, debatable.
    Ex: The democratisation of Russian intellectual life was one of the most consequential of the dramatic social and political changes that took place in Russia in the 1860s.
    Ex: There is no doubt that the ideas put forward by Coates and their implementation in BTI have been a solid step forward in the theory of alphabetical subject headings.
    Ex: In some areas of study, notably the social sciences, the problems vocabulary are acute.
    Ex: Cannabis often shows no appreciable effects the first time it is taken.
    Ex: In the face of present priorities and staff commitments, the Library feels that it cannot undertake a comprehensive study of the subject heading system that would pave the way for a major restructuring of the system.
    Ex: The October 2002 issue of CONVERGE magazine lists their picks for the 'Shapers of the Future 2002' -- 'today's leaders and innovators who have dreamed and accomplished mighty things in technology and education'.
    Ex: However, we must not forget the book which the critics acclaim and which also sells in goodly numbers.
    Ex: This meeting brought together representatives of the key organizations in the community.
    Ex: Each operator has a filing value which has been designate in order to ensure that terms appear in the index string in an order that will produce a meaningful set of index entries.
    Ex: The pressures of the marketplace mean that any vital facility must be offered by all of the major hosts.
    Ex: Research publication had to adopt the same economic model as trade publication, and research libraries the world over paid the hefty price = Las publicaciones científicas tuvieron que adoptar el mismo modelo económico que las publicaciones comerciales y las bibliotecas universitarias de todo el mundo pagaron un precio elevado.
    Ex: We have the right and responsibility to make wise decisions in 'times of consequence'.
    Ex: We want Robyn to write about really meaty issues every week, instead of talking about spousal abuse.
    Ex: He has published seminal papers on automated cataloging and authority control in Library Journal, Library Quarterly, and Journal of Library Automation.
    * acontecimiento importante = milestone, red carpet event.
    * considerar importante = hold + Nombre + dear.
    * continuar siendo importante = remain + big.
    * economizar en cosas importantes y derrochar en nimiedades = penny wise, pound foolish.
    * el último pero no el menos importante = the last but by no means least.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * evento importante = milestone.
    * hacer que sea importante = render + important.
    * hacerse cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * la parte más importante = the heart of.
    * llegar a un momento importante en + Posesivo + historia = reach + milestone.
    * lo más importante = most of all.
    * lo que es más importante = most importantly, more importantly, most of all, most important.
    * lo que es muy importante = importantly.
    * más importante = foremost.
    * más importante aun = more significantly.
    * menos importante, el = least, the.
    * muy importante = critical, very importantly, big time.
    * poco importante = small-time.
    * por último pero no menos importante = last but not least.
    * sentirse importante = feel + important.
    * ser Algo muy importante = loom + large.
    * ser cada vez más importante = increase in + importance.
    * ser importante = be of importance, be of consequence.
    * suceso importante = critical incident.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * último pero no el menos importante, el = final and not the least important, the.
    * uno de los + Nombre + más importante = not the least + Nombre, not the least of + Nombre.

    * * *
    1 ‹noticia/persona› important; ‹acontecimiento/cambio› important, significant
    tengo algo importante que decirte I have something important to tell you
    ¿qué dice la carta? — nada importante what does the letter say? — nothing of any importance o nothing much
    lo importante es participar the important thing is to take part
    es importante que vayas it's important that you go
    2 ‹pérdidas› serious, considerable; ‹cantidad› considerable, significant
    una importante suma de dinero a large o considerable o significant sum of money
    la tormenta causó importantes daños the storm caused severe o considerable damage
    un número importante de ciudadanos a significant o considerable o large number of citizens
    * * *

     

    Multiple Entries:
    algo importante    
    importante
    importante adjetivo
    a)noticia/persona important;

    acontecimiento/cambio important, significant;
    dárselas de or hacerse el importante to give oneself airs

    daños severe, considerable;
    cantidad considerable, significant
    importante adjetivo important, significant: un importante geólogo dará la conferencia, a noted geologist will give the lecture
    una cantidad importante, a considerable amount
    ' importante' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    bonita
    - bonito
    - categoría
    - ciudad
    - comodidad
    - consignar
    - cosa
    - cualquiera
    - despreciable
    - eje
    - eslabón
    - floricultura
    - gorda
    - gordo
    - historia
    - histórica
    - histórico
    - inmediatez
    - menos
    - nada
    - núcleo
    - opinar
    - personaje
    - pintar
    - poderosa
    - poderoso
    - reseñar
    - sabrosa
    - sabroso
    - salario
    - señalada
    - señalado
    - señor
    - suma
    - sustancial
    - sustantiva
    - sustantivo
    - tomo
    - viso
    - indiferente
    - notable
    - papel
    - parecer
    - personalidad
    - pez
    - que
    - trascendental
    - trascendente
    - un
    - visita
    English:
    amount to
    - appreciable
    - armory
    - armoury
    - assassin
    - assassination
    - big
    - consideration
    - depreciate
    - edit
    - flagship
    - grain
    - grand
    - great
    - head-hunt
    - high
    - if
    - important
    - increasingly
    - large
    - last
    - leading
    - least
    - major
    - mean
    - morality
    - prominent
    - significant
    - sponsor
    - thing
    - VIP
    - weighty
    - assassinate
    - come
    - considerable
    - feature
    - feel
    - first
    - foremost
    - name
    - priority
    - strongly
    - substantial
    * * *
    1. [destacado, significativo] important;
    el descontento está adquiriendo proporciones importantes dissatisfaction is becoming widespread;
    ocupa un cargo importante en el ministerio he has an important job at the ministry;
    ella es muy importante para mí she's very important to me;
    lo importante es hacerlo despacio the important thing is to do it slowly;
    no te preocupes, lo importante es que tengas buena salud don't worry, the most important thing is for you to be healthy;
    dárselas de importante, hacerse el/la importante to give oneself airs, to act all important
    2. [cantidad] considerable;
    [lesión] serious;
    una cantidad importante de dinero a significant o considerable sum of money;
    * * *
    adj important
    * * *
    : important
    * * *
    1. (en general) important
    2. (considerable) considerable

    Spanish-English dictionary > importante

  • 9 valor

    intj.
    cheer up.
    m.
    1 value.
    de valor valuable
    joyas por valor de… jewels worth…
    sin valor worthless
    tiene valor sentimental it is of sentimental value
    valor adquisitivo purchasing power
    valor comercial commercial value
    valor nominal face o nominal value
    valor nutritivo nutritional value
    2 value (math & music).
    3 importance (importancia).
    su opinión es de enorme valor para nosotros her opinion is of great value o importance to us
    dar valor a to give o attach importance to
    quitar valor a algo to take away from something, to diminish the importance of something
    4 bravery, courage.
    armarse de valor to pluck up one's courage
    5 cheek, nerve (desvergüenza).
    tener el valor de hacer algo to have the cheek o nerve to do something
    6 asset, security.
    * * *
    1 (valía) value, worth, merit
    2 (precio) price
    3 (validez) value
    4 (importancia) importance
    5 (coraje) courage, valour (US valor)
    6 (desvergüenza) cheek, nerve
    7 (talento) talent
    8 MATEMÁTICAS value
    1 FINANZAS securities, bonds
    2 (principios) values
    \
    armarse de valor to pluck up courage
    dar valor a algo to attach importance to something
    de valor valuable
    por el valor de to the value of
    ¡qué valor! what a nerve!
    quitar valor a algo to reduce the value of something
    sin valor / sin ningún valor worthless
    valor adquisitivo purchasing power
    valor alimenticio food value, nutritional value
    valor de mercado market value
    valores en cartera investments
    valores inmuebles real estate sing
    * * *
    noun m.
    1) value, worth
    2) courage, heart, nerve
    * * *
    SM
    1) (Com, Econ) value

    ¿cuál es el valor real de ese cuadro? — what's this painting worth in real terms?, what's the real value of this painting?

    un documento de gran valor — a very valuable document, a document of great value

    de valor — [joya, obra] valuable

    objetos de valor — valuables

    por valor de — to the value of

    valor estrella — blue-chip stock, blue-chip share

    valor facial — face value, denomination

    2) (=importancia) value

    este anillo tiene un gran valor para mí — this ring means a great deal to me, this ring is very valuable to me

    dar valor a algo, lo que le da valor musical a este trabajo es su originalidad — it is the originality of this work that gives it its musical worth o value

    quitar valor a algo — to minimize the importance of sth

    valor alimenticio — nutritional value, food value

    3) pl valores
    a) (=principios) values
    escala 1), juicio 3)
    b) (Econ) (=títulos) securities, stocks, bonds

    valores fiduciariosfiduciary issue [sing], banknotes

    4) (=persona famosa) star
    5) (=validez) validity

    tener valor — to be valid

    7) (Mat) value
    8) (Mús) value
    9) (=coraje) bravery, courage

    el valor de los soldadosthe bravery o courage of the soldiers

    armarse de valor — to pluck up (the) courage

    10) * (=descaro) nerve *

    ¿cómo puedes tener el valor de negarlo? — how do you have the nerve to deny it? *

    * * *
    1)
    a) (Com, Fin) value

    libros por valor de $150 — books to the value of $150

    droga por (un) valor de... — drugs worth o with a value of...

    b) (importancia, mérito) value

    ¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? — what merit is there in it if he copied it?

    c) ( validez) validity
    2) valores masculino plural (Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)
    3) ( persona)
    4) valores masculino plural ( principios morales) values (pl)
    5) (coraje, valentía) courage
    6) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq)
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Com, Fin) value

    libros por valor de $150 — books to the value of $150

    droga por (un) valor de... — drugs worth o with a value of...

    b) (importancia, mérito) value

    ¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? — what merit is there in it if he copied it?

    c) ( validez) validity
    2) valores masculino plural (Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)
    3) ( persona)
    4) valores masculino plural ( principios morales) values (pl)
    5) (coraje, valentía) courage
    6) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq)
    * * *
    valor1
    1 = courage, guts, spunk, bravery.

    Ex: In this novel the central themes are courage and cowardice and what these are.

    Ex: Well, I happened to inherit a full set of Trollope, and I had the guts to throw it out.
    Ex: In her youth, as in her adult years, she was a person with spunk.
    Ex: Contributing to the problem are the harsh desert environment, & a society based on patriarchy, in which a code of honor, esprit de corps, & bravery takes precedence over intelligence & culture.
    * armarse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage, pluck up + courage, nerve + Reflexivo, gather up + courage.
    * con valor = valiantly.
    * demostrar + Posesivo + valor = prove + Posesivo + value, prove + Posesivo + worth, prove + Reflexivo, show + Posesivo + worth, prove + Posesivo + courage.
    * echar valor = pluck up + courage, muster (up) + (the) courage, gather up + courage.
    * falta de valor = act of cowardice, lack of courage, lack of backbone.
    * hacerse de valor = muster (up) + (the) courage.
    * perder el valor = lose + Posesivo + nerve.
    * tener el valor = have + the courage.
    * tener el valor de = have + the guts to, have + the nerve(s) to, have + the cheek to.
    * tener valor = pluck up + courage, gather up + courage.

    valor2
    2 = attribute value, esteem, value, value, worth, worthiness, goodness.

    Ex: Others have used possibility distributions for representing fuzzily known or incompletely known attribute values.

    Ex: The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.
    Ex: A good initial value for this field will start the system off with a good guess so that claims for missing issues are not unreasonable at the beginning.
    Ex: This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex: The circulation of large numbers of books regardless of their worth to multitudes of people is no better criterion of mental health than is the profitable sale of quack medicines evidence of bodily health.
    Ex: Another goal of terrorism is to demonstrate to terrorists their own worthiness and thus to claim a sort of moral victory over their enemies.
    Ex: Measurement in and of itself is neutral and cannot indicate ' goodness' or 'badness' = La medición en sí misma es neutral y no puede indicar lo bueno o malo que algo es.
    * adición de valor = value adding.
    * adquirir un valor añadido = take on + added weight.
    * asignar valor a = attach + value to.
    * aumentar de valor = increase in + value.
    * bolsa de valores = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * cadena de valores = value chain.
    * carecer de valor = have + a hollow ring.
    * carente de valor = worthless.
    * centrado en los valores = value-driven.
    * código de valores = code of values.
    * conflicto de valores = conflict of values.
    * con juicio de valor = value-loaded.
    * conjunto de valores = set of values.
    * contabilidad de valores devengados = accrual accounting.
    * con valores difusos = fuzzy-valued.
    * conversión en valor monetario = monetisation [monetization, -USA].
    * convertido en valor monetario = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * convertir en valor monetario = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * dar valor = imbue with + value.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de incalculable valor = priceless.
    * de poco valor = a dime a dozen.
    * descomposición por valores simples = singular value decomposition.
    * de valor = of value.
    * de valor añadido = value-added, value-adding.
    * de valor equiparable = of comparable worth.
    * de valor incalculable = invaluable.
    * disminuir el valor de = belittle.
    * edificio de valor histórico = heritage-listed building.
    * emitir un juicio de valor = exercise + value judgment, pass + value judgement.
    * enfrentamiento de valores = conflict of values.
    * escala de valores = graded range, set of values.
    * establecer valores = establish + values.
    * falta de valor = worthlessness.
    * forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.
    * hacer prevaler las ideas y valores de uno mismo = assert + own ideas and values.
    * hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).
    * juicio de valor = value judgement.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market.
    * método del Valor de Discriminación (DV) = Discrimination Value model (DV).
    * minar los valores tradicionales = undermine + traditional values.
    * no tener valor = be valueless.
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * objeto de valor = valuable.
    * objeto de valor cultural = cultural valuable.
    * objetos de valor = valuables.
    * perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.
    * pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.
    * pez de valor = game fish.
    * por valor de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * quitar el valor = render + valueless.
    * quitar valor = devalue, deflate.
    * reducir el valor = reduce + value.
    * regla del valor literal = face value rule.
    * ser de poco valor = be of little use, be of little value.
    * ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * sin valor = dummy, worthless, valueless, drossy.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * tener poco valor = be of little value.
    * tener un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * tener valor = count.
    * valor afectivo del servicio = affect of service.
    * valor añadido = added benefit, added value.
    * valor atípico = outlier.
    * valor característico = eigenvalue.
    * valor comercial = marketing value, commercial paper.
    * valor cultural = cultural value.
    * valor de la novedad = novelty value.
    * valor de la propiedad = property value.
    * valor de ley = force of law.
    * valor de ordenación = filing value.
    * valor de pertinencia = estimation of relevance.
    * valor de predicción = predictive power.
    * valor de retención = retention value.
    * valor económico = monetary value, economic value, monetary worth.
    * valor efectivo = cash value.
    * valores = assets, ethos, equities, equity shares.
    * valores agregados = value chain.
    * valores añadidos = value chain.
    * valores de la bolsa = stock prices, stock market quotations.
    * valores familiares = family values.
    * valor específico = weight, weighting.
    * valores y normas de comportamiento de los miembros de una instutición = corporate culture.
    * valor ético = ethical value.
    * valor fundamental = asset.
    * valor global = overall value.
    * valor humano = human value.
    * valor intrínsico = intrinsic worth.
    * valor máximo = high-water mark.
    * valor medicinal = medicinal value.
    * valor medio = midrange, mean value.
    * valor mínimo = low-water mark.
    * valor monetario = monetary value, monetary worth.
    * valor moral = moral value.
    * valor numérico = numerical value.
    * valor numérico exacto = crisp value.
    * valor nutritivo = nutritional value, nutrient value.
    * valor político = political value.
    * valor por omisión = default value.
    * valor positivo = virtue.
    * valor representativo = eigenvalue.
    * valor social = social value.
    * VAN (red de valor añadido) = VAN (value added network).

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Com, Fin) (de una moneda) value; (de un cuadro, una joya) value
    dio a conocer el verdadero valor del collar he revealed the true value o worth of the necklace
    un alijo de droga por (un) valor de 5.000 euros a consignment of drugs worth o with a value of 5,000 euros
    libros por valor de $150 books to the value of $150 o $150 worth of books
    el valor de las acciones ha bajado the value of the shares has dropped, the shares have fallen in value
    no se llevaron ningún objeto de valor they didn't take any valuables o anything valuable
    enseres de poco valor material things of little material o real value
    2 (importancia, mérito) value
    no tiene ningún valor artístico it has no artistic value o merit
    valor sentimental sentimental value
    su palabra tiene un gran valor para mí I set great store by his word
    sus promesas no tienen ningún valor her promises are worthless
    si no lleva la firma no tiene ningún valor it's worthless unless it's signed
    ¿qué valor tiene si lo copió? what merit is there in it if he copied it?
    ¿qué valor tiene que se lo sepa de memoria si no lo entiende? what's the use o good of her knowing it by heart if she doesn't understand it?
    Compuestos:
    absolute value
    purchasing power
    food o nutritional value
    value added, added value
    value recorded in the land registry ( used for calculating property taxes)
    exchange value
    surrender value
    usage o practical value
    face value
    par o nominal value
    food o nutritional value
    ( Inf) default value
    relative value
    B valores mpl ( Econ, Fin) securities (pl), stocks (pl), shares (pl)
    Compuestos:
    mpl fixed yield securities (pl)
    mpl variable yield securities (pl)
    C
    2 ( Mús) (de una nota) value, length
    D
    (persona): uno de los jóvenes valores de nuestro tenis one of our young tennis stars
    los nuevos valores de nuestra música our up-and-coming musicians
    escala or jerarquía de valores scale of values
    A (coraje, valentía) courage
    me faltó valor para decírselo I didn't have the courage to tell him
    hay que tener valor para hacer algo así you have to be brave o it takes courage to do a thing like that
    el capitán ensalzó el valor de los soldados the captain praised the soldiers for their bravery o courage
    armarse de valor to pluck up courage
    B ( fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve ( colloq), cheek ( BrE colloq)
    ¡encima tiene el valor de protestar! and then she has the nerve o cheek to complain!, and then she dares to complain!
    * * *

     

    valor sustantivo masculino
    1
    a) (Com, Fin) value;

    libros por valor de $150 books to the value of $150;

    objetos de valor valuables;
    valor adquisitivo purchasing power
    b) (importancia, mérito) value;




    2
    a) (coraje, valentía) courage;


    armarse de valor to pluck up courage
    b) (fam) (descaro, desvergüenza) nerve (colloq);

    ¡encima tiene el valor de protestar! and then she has the nerve to complain!

    3
    valores sustantivo masculino plural



    valor sustantivo masculino
    1 (valentía, arrojo) courage, bravery
    2 (mérito, importancia, etc) value, worth
    (precio) price: ha invertido en joyas por valor de un millón de pesetas, he has invested in a million pesetas' worth of jewels
    no le da ningún valor al dinero, he attaches no importance to money
    objetos de valor, valuables
    sin valor, worthless
    3 (vigencia, validez legal) validity
    4 Mat Mús value
    5 fam (jeta, caradura) cheek: tuvo el valor de preguntarme por ella, he had the nerve to ask me about her
    6 Fin valores securities, bonds
    7 (éticos) valores, values
    ♦ Locuciones: armarse de valor: se armó de valor e hizo frente a la agresión, she gathered up her courage and stood up to the aggression
    ' valor' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    agalla
    - alimento
    - antigüedad
    - armarse
    - aumentar
    - bagatela
    - bastante
    - catastral
    - conceder
    - determinación
    - importar
    - impuesta
    - impuesto
    - infundir
    - IVA
    - juicio
    - mérito
    - ni
    - nominal
    - nula
    - nulo
    - nutritiva
    - nutritivo
    - oscilación
    - oscilante
    - ponderar
    - preciosa
    - precioso
    - relativa
    - relativo
    - relieve
    - representar
    - reunir
    - sanctasanctórum
    - tal
    - tan
    - tres
    - valer
    - valorar
    - valoración
    - agallas
    - alguno
    - aliento
    - alimenticio
    - anecdótico
    - armar
    - asignar
    - audacia
    - bajar
    - carecer
    English:
    absolute
    - appreciate
    - appreciation
    - assess
    - assessment
    - asset
    - attach
    - book
    - bravery
    - cheap
    - courage
    - denomination
    - detract
    - equity
    - estimate
    - everything
    - face value
    - gain
    - grit
    - heart
    - intrinsic
    - invaluable
    - nerve
    - par
    - pluck
    - pluck up
    - prowess
    - replacement value
    - rise
    - sink
    - steel
    - street value
    - strength
    - summon up
    - tax
    - trash
    - underprice
    - valuable
    - value
    - value added tax
    - VAT
    - worth
    - worthless
    - worthlessness
    - cheapen
    - credit
    - doubtful
    - face
    - fail
    - go
    * * *
    valor nm
    1. [precio, utilidad, mérito] value;
    ha subido el valor del peso frente al dólar the peso has risen against the dollar;
    tiene valor sentimental it is of sentimental value;
    tiene más valor arqueológico que artístico it is of more archaeological than artistic value;
    de (mucho) valor (very) valuable;
    no había nada de valor en la casa there was nothing of value in the house;
    joyas por valor de… jewels worth…;
    sin valor worthless;
    tener valor [ser valioso] to be valuable;
    [ser válido] to be valid;
    sin el sello oficial carece de o [m5] no tiene valor it is not valid without the official seal;
    tener mucho/poco valor to be very/not very valuable
    Fin valor de los activos asset value; Fin valor actual neto net present value;
    valor adquisitivo purchasing power;
    Am Econ valor agregado added value;
    valor alimenticio food value;
    Econ valor añadido added value; Fin valor asegurado insured value;
    valor biológico biological value;
    valor calórico [de comida] calorific value;
    valor catastral = value of a property recorded in the land register, Br ≈ rateable value, US ≈ assessed value;
    valor comercial commercial value;
    Fin valor contable book price o value;
    valor de mercado market value;
    valor nominal face o nominal value;
    valor nutritivo nutritional value;
    Fin valor realizable neto net realizable value; Fin valor de reposición replacement value; Fin valor de rescate surrender value
    2. Mat value
    3. Mús value
    4. [importancia] importance;
    su opinión es de enorme valor para nosotros her opinion is of great value o importance to us;
    dar valor a to give o attach importance to;
    quitar valor a algo to take away from sth, to diminish sth
    5. [valentía] bravery;
    se necesita valor para hacer una cosa así you need to be brave o it takes courage to do a thing like that;
    armarse de valor to pluck up one's courage;
    le eché valor, y le confesé la verdad I plucked up my courage and told her the truth;
    ¡valor y al toro! go for it!
    6. [desvergüenza] cheek, nerve;
    ¡hace falta valor para decir eso! what a cheek o nerve saying a thing like that!;
    tener el valor de hacer algo to have the cheek o nerve to do sth
    7. [personaje]
    un joven valor del atletismo/teatro an up-and-coming young athlete/actor
    8.
    valores [principios] values
    9. Fin
    valores [de inversión] securities
    valores en cartera investment portfolio;
    valores de crecimiento growth stock;
    valores inmuebles real estate;
    valores negociables negotiable securities;
    valores de renta fija fixed-interest o fixed-income securities;
    valores de renta variable variable-interest o variable-income securities, equities
    * * *
    m
    1 value;
    de gran valor very valuable; fig of great worth o
    value;
    objetos de valor valuables
    2
    :
    valores pl COM securities
    3 ( valentía) courage
    * * *
    valor nm
    1) : value, worth, importance
    2) coraje: courage, valor
    3) valores nmpl
    : values, principles
    4) valores nmpl
    : securities, bonds
    5)
    sin valor : worthless
    * * *
    1. (valía) value
    2. (precio) price
    ¿cuál es el valor de este terreno? how much is this land worth?
    3. (valentía) courage

    Spanish-English dictionary > valor

  • 10 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 11 haber

    m.
    1 assets (bienes).
    2 credit (side).
    v.
    1 to have.
    lo he/había hecho I have/had done it
    los niños ya han comido the children have already eaten
    2 to be, to exist, to be some.
    Hay carros There are cars.
    Hay There are
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    he, has, ha, hemos, habéis, han.
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    había, habías, había, habíamos, habíais, habían.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    he (tú), haya (él/Vd.), hayamos (nos.), habed (vos.), hayan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    - hay
    * * *
    1. V AUX
    1) [en tiempos compuestos] to have

    he comidoI have o I've eaten

    había ido al cinehe had gone o he'd gone to the cinema

    ¡haberlo dicho! — you should have said!

    ¡hubieran visto la casa! — esp LAm * you should have seen the house!

    pero, ¿habráse visto (cosa igual)? — well, have you ever seen anything like it?

    de haberlo sabido — if I had known, if I'd known

    2)

    haber de

    a) [indicando obligación]

    he de hacerlo — I have to do it, I must do it

    has de saber que... — you should know that...

    ¿qué he de hacer? — what am I to do?

    los has de ver LAm you'll see them

    b) [indicando suposición]

    ha de llegar hoy esp LAm he should get here today

    has de estar equivocado esp LAm you must be mistaken

    2. V IMPERS
    1)

    hay[con sustantivo en singular] there is; [con sustantivo en plural] there are

    ¿habrá tiempo? — will there be time?

    lo que hay es que... — it's like this..., the thing is...

    hay sol — the sun is shining, it's sunny

    habían muchas personas LAm there were many people there

    ¿ cuánto hay de aquí a Cuzco? — how far is it from here to Cuzco?

    los hay excelentes — some are excellent

    oportunistas los hay en todas partes — you'll find opportunists everywhere, there are always opportunists, wherever you go

    no hay, no hay nada mejor que... — there's nothing better than...

    no hay más que hablar — there's no more to be said, there's nothing more to say

    ¡aquí no hay quien duerma! — it's impossible to get any sleep round here!

    ¡no hay de qué! — don't mention it!, not at all!

    ¿ qué hay? — (=¿qué pasa?) what's up?; (=¿qué tal?) how's it going?, how are things?

    ¡qué hubo! — Chile, Méx, Ven * how's it going?, how are things?

    como hay pocos, donde los haya —

    un amigo como hay pocos o donde los haya — a friend in a million

    de lo que no hay —

    ¡eres de lo que no hay! — you're unbelievable!

    si los hay —

    2) (Com)

    "¡mejores no hay!" — "there's none better!"

    ¡hay helado! — [dicho a voces] ice cream!; [en cartel] ice cream sold

    ¿hay puros? — do you have any cigars?

    "no hay entradas o localidades" — "sold out"

    3)

    hay que, hay que trabajar — one has to work, everyone must work

    hay que trabajar más[como mandato] you must work harder

    no hay que olvidar que... — we mustn't forget that...

    no hay que tomarlo a mal — there's no reason to take it badly, you mustn't get upset about it

    ¡había que decírselo! — we'll have to tell him!

    ¡había que verlo! — you should have seen it!

    no hay más que, no hay más que leer las normas — all you have to do is read the rules

    4) [indicando tiempo]

    tres años hafrm three years ago

    años ha que no les veofrm, hum I haven't seen them for years

    3. VT
    1) (=ocurrir)

    habidos y por haber —

    2) (=tener)

    Pepe, que Dios haya en su gloria — Pepe, God rest his soul

    bien haya... — (Rel) blessed be...

    3) liter (=obtener)
    4.
    See:
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo auxiliar
    1) ( en tiempos compuestos) to have

    no han/habían llegado — they haven't/hadn't arrived

    como se haya olvidado lo mato — if he's forgotten, I'll kill him!

    ¿se habrán perdido? — do you think they've o they might have got lost?

    de haberlo sabido — had I known, if I'd known

    2)
    a) (frml) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

    haber de + inf — to have to + inf

    ha de ser firmado por ambas partesit has to o must be signed by both parties

    ha de llegar un día en que... — the day will come when...

    c) (expresando probabilidad, certeza)

    pero ¿sabes lo que dices? - no lo he de saber! — but do you know what you're saying? - of course I do!

    2.
    haber v impers
    1) (existir, estar, darse)

    hay una carta/varias cartas para ti — there's a letter/there are several letters for you

    ¿qué tomarán de postre? - ¿hay helado? — what would you like for dessert? - do you have any ice cream?

    ¿cuántos kilómetros hay hasta Sevilla? — how many kilometers are there o is it to Seville?

    hay quien piensa que... — there are those who feel that...

    gracias - no hay de quéthank you - don't mention it o not at all o you're welcome

    hola ¿qué hay/hay de nuevo? — (fam) hello, how are things/what's new?

    es un poco largo - ¿qué hay? — (CS fam) it's rather long - so what?

    ¿qué hubo? — (Andes, Méx, Ven fam) how are things?

    ¿qué hubo de lo de Jorge y Ana? — what happened with Jorge and Ana?

    habérselas con alguien: tendrá que habérselas conmigo he'll have me to deal with; habido y por haber: todos los trucos habidos y por haber — every trick in the book (colloq)

    haber que + inf: hay que estudiar you/we/they must study; hubo que romperlo we/they had to break it; hay que decir algo something has to be said; había que verlo! you should have seen him!; no hay más que apretarlo all you have to do is press it; no hay que darle muy fuerte — ( no es necesario) you don't need o have to hit it too hard; ( no se debe) you mustn't hit it too hard

    muchos años/mucho tiempo ha — many years/a long time ago

    3.
    haber vt habido -da participio pasado (frml) ( tenido)

    los hijos habidos en el/fuera del matrimonio — children born in/out of wedlock (frml)

    II
    a) ( bienes) assets (pl)
    b) ( en contabilidad) credit side

    tener algo en su haber — (period) to have something to one's credit

    c) haberes masculino plural (frml) (emolumentos, paga) income, earnings (pl)

    los haberes que se le adeudanmoneys o monies owed to you (frml)

    * * *
    = be available, come in, there + be, there + have + been, be in place, accounts receivable.
    Ex. This emphasis upon 'the work' reflects the packaging of text, information, music, graphics, and so on, and indicates to the subsequent user what packages are available for use or consultation.
    Ex. Such records come in a variety of physical forms.
    Ex. There are a relatively large number of documents under each heading.
    Ex. Mr. Kilgour's publications are truly too voluminous to list; over a period of four decades, there have been few years in which he has not published.
    Ex. Modular courses are already in place from which a student can pick and mix.
    Ex. This software includes separate programs for general ledger: accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll and inventory.
    ----
    * deber haber ocurrido antes = be long overdue.
    * debería haber = there + ought to be.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en + Posesivo + haber = to + Posesivo + credit.
    * en su haber = on the credit side.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber algo sospechoso con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber bebido demasiado = be over the limit.
    * haber decidido = be intent on.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber dinero de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * haberes = assets, holdings.
    * haber escasez de = be in short supply, be at a premium.
    * haber existencias = be in stock.
    * haber ganado la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.
    * haber ganado sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.
    * haber llegado = be upon us.
    * haber muchísima diferencia = be in a different league.
    * haber nacido en = be a native of.
    * haber pasado por aquí antes = have been down this road before.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * haber + que reconocer que = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * haber quórum = be quorate.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haberse propuesto = be intent on.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * haber terminado la jornada laboral = be off duty.
    * haber todavía más = there + be + more to it than that.
    * haber un aire de emoción = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * haber un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * haber una transacción económica de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber un viento huracanado = wind + blow great guns.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * ha de ser + Participio = be to be + Participio.
    * hubo una época en la que = there was a time when.
    * lo que haya que de ser, será = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * mientras haya existencias = while stocks last, subject to availability.
    * no haber = be unavailable.
    * no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.
    * no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no haber forma de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber indicios de que = there + be + no indication that.
    * no haber límites = there + be + no limit.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber modo de = there + be + no means of.
    * no haber mucha señal de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.
    * no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.
    * no haber pero que valer = not take + no for an answer.
    * no haber prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no haber señal de que = there + be + no sign of.
    * no habiendo = in the absence of.
    * no hay nada como = nothing beats....
    * no hay nada mejor que = nothing beats....
    * poner en el haber de = credit.
    * sin haber contacto = non-contact.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.
    * * *
    I 1.
    verbo auxiliar
    1) ( en tiempos compuestos) to have

    no han/habían llegado — they haven't/hadn't arrived

    como se haya olvidado lo mato — if he's forgotten, I'll kill him!

    ¿se habrán perdido? — do you think they've o they might have got lost?

    de haberlo sabido — had I known, if I'd known

    2)
    a) (frml) (expresando obligación, necesidad)

    haber de + inf — to have to + inf

    ha de ser firmado por ambas partesit has to o must be signed by both parties

    ha de llegar un día en que... — the day will come when...

    c) (expresando probabilidad, certeza)

    pero ¿sabes lo que dices? - no lo he de saber! — but do you know what you're saying? - of course I do!

    2.
    haber v impers
    1) (existir, estar, darse)

    hay una carta/varias cartas para ti — there's a letter/there are several letters for you

    ¿qué tomarán de postre? - ¿hay helado? — what would you like for dessert? - do you have any ice cream?

    ¿cuántos kilómetros hay hasta Sevilla? — how many kilometers are there o is it to Seville?

    hay quien piensa que... — there are those who feel that...

    gracias - no hay de quéthank you - don't mention it o not at all o you're welcome

    hola ¿qué hay/hay de nuevo? — (fam) hello, how are things/what's new?

    es un poco largo - ¿qué hay? — (CS fam) it's rather long - so what?

    ¿qué hubo? — (Andes, Méx, Ven fam) how are things?

    ¿qué hubo de lo de Jorge y Ana? — what happened with Jorge and Ana?

    habérselas con alguien: tendrá que habérselas conmigo he'll have me to deal with; habido y por haber: todos los trucos habidos y por haber — every trick in the book (colloq)

    haber que + inf: hay que estudiar you/we/they must study; hubo que romperlo we/they had to break it; hay que decir algo something has to be said; había que verlo! you should have seen him!; no hay más que apretarlo all you have to do is press it; no hay que darle muy fuerte — ( no es necesario) you don't need o have to hit it too hard; ( no se debe) you mustn't hit it too hard

    muchos años/mucho tiempo ha — many years/a long time ago

    3.
    haber vt habido -da participio pasado (frml) ( tenido)

    los hijos habidos en el/fuera del matrimonio — children born in/out of wedlock (frml)

    II
    a) ( bienes) assets (pl)
    b) ( en contabilidad) credit side

    tener algo en su haber — (period) to have something to one's credit

    c) haberes masculino plural (frml) (emolumentos, paga) income, earnings (pl)

    los haberes que se le adeudanmoneys o monies owed to you (frml)

    * * *
    = be available, come in, there + be, there + have + been, be in place, accounts receivable.

    Ex: This emphasis upon 'the work' reflects the packaging of text, information, music, graphics, and so on, and indicates to the subsequent user what packages are available for use or consultation.

    Ex: Such records come in a variety of physical forms.
    Ex: There are a relatively large number of documents under each heading.
    Ex: Mr. Kilgour's publications are truly too voluminous to list; over a period of four decades, there have been few years in which he has not published.
    Ex: Modular courses are already in place from which a student can pick and mix.
    Ex: This software includes separate programs for general ledger: accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll and inventory.
    * deber haber ocurrido antes = be long overdue.
    * debería haber = there + ought to be.
    * en el haber de Uno = under + Posesivo + belt.
    * en + Posesivo + haber = to + Posesivo + credit.
    * en su haber = on the credit side.
    * haber algo raro con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber algo sospechoso con = there + be + something fishy going on with.
    * haber bebido demasiado = be over the limit.
    * haber decidido = be intent on.
    * haber de muchos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber de muy diversos tipos = come in + all/many (sorts of) shapes and sizes.
    * haber dinero de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber división de opiniones = be split on, opinion + be divided.
    * haber división de opiniones entre los críticos = critics + be divided.
    * haberes = assets, holdings.
    * haber escasez de = be in short supply, be at a premium.
    * haber existencias = be in stock.
    * haber ganado la mitad de la batalla = be half the battle.
    * haber ganado sólo la mitad de la batalla = be only half the battle.
    * haber llegado = be upon us.
    * haber muchísima diferencia = be in a different league.
    * haber nacido en = be a native of.
    * haber pasado por aquí antes = have been down this road before.
    * haber poca duda de que = there + be + little doubt that.
    * haber + que reconocer que = have to hand it to + Nombre.
    * haber quórum = be quorate.
    * haber recorrido mucho mundo = be well-travelled.
    * haberse propuesto = be intent on.
    * haber sido aceptado = be here to stay, have come + to stay.
    * haber sido comprobado exhaustivamente = be thoroughly tested.
    * haber terminado la jornada laboral = be off duty.
    * haber todavía más = there + be + more to it than that.
    * haber un aire de emoción = there + be + an air of excitement.
    * haber un aire de expectación = there + be + an air of expectation.
    * haber una transacción económica de por medio = money + change hands.
    * haber un viento huracanado = wind + blow great guns.
    * haber viajado mucho = be well-travelled.
    * ha de ser + Participio = be to be + Participio.
    * he = I've (I have).
    * hubo una época en la que = there was a time when.
    * lo que haya que de ser, será = que sera sera, what's meant to be, will be, whatever will be, will be.
    * mientras haya existencias = while stocks last, subject to availability.
    * no haber = be unavailable.
    * no haber consecuencias = nothing + come of.
    * no + haber + dos + Nombre que = no two + Nombre.
    * no haber duda de que = there + be + no doubt that.
    * no haber duda (que) = there + be + no question (that).
    * no haber forma de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber indicios de que = there + be + no indication that.
    * no haber límites = there + be + no limit.
    * no haber manera de = there + be + no way.
    * no haber modo de = there + be + no means of.
    * no haber mucha señal de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no haber muchas señales de que = there + be + little sign of.
    * no + haber + nada como = there + be + nothing like.
    * no haber nada de verdad en = there + be + any/no truth to.
    * no + haber + nada malo en = there + be + nothing wrong in/with.
    * no haber palabras para describirlo = beggar + description.
    * no haber pero que valer = not take + no for an answer.
    * no haber prisa = there + be + no hurry.
    * no haber problemas = be fine.
    * no haber señal de que = there + be + no sign of.
    * no habiendo = in the absence of.
    * no hay nada como = nothing beats....
    * no hay nada mejor que = nothing beats....
    * poner en el haber de = credit.
    * sin haber contacto = non-contact.
    * ya hemos hablado bastante de = so much for.

    * * *
    haber1 [ E17 ]
    A
    (en los tiempos compuestos): no han/habían llegado they haven't/hadn't arrived
    como se haya olvidado lo mato if he's forgotten, I'll kill him!
    cuando/no bien hubo terminado ( liter); when/as soon as she had finished
    ¿se habrán perdido? do you think they've o they might have got lost?
    no habrán tenido tiempo they probably haven't had time
    ¿quién hubiera pensado que llegaría tan lejos? whoever would have thought she'd get so far!
    está arrepentida — ¡(que) lo hubiera pensado antes! she says she's sorry — she should have thought about it before!
    yo también quería ir — ¡haberlo dicho! I wanted to go too — you should have said so!
    de haberlo sabido te habría avisado had I known o if I'd known, I'd have told you
    B
    1 ( frml) (expresando obligación, necesidad) haber DE + INF:
    el contrato ha de ser firmado por ambas partes the contract must be signed by both parties
    hemos de averiguar qué sucedió we have to o must find out what happened
    2 (expresando acción futura) haber DE + INF:
    ha de llegar un día en que … the day will come when …
    3 (expresando probabilidad, certeza) haber DE + INF:
    ha de ser tarde it must be late
    ya lo han de haber recibido they must have received it by now
    pero ¿sabes lo que dices? — ¡no lo he de saber! but do you know what you're saying? — of course I do!
    A
    (existir, estar, darse): hay una carta/varias cartas para ti there's a letter/there are several letters for you
    ha habido un cambio/varios cambios en el programa there has been a change/there have been several changes in the program
    había un cliente/tres clientes esperando there was a customer/there were three customers waiting
    ayer hubo un accidente/dos accidentes there was an accident/there were two accidents yesterday
    no quiero que haya discusiones I don't want there to be any arguments
    ¿qué van a tomar de postre? — ¿hay helado? what would you like for dessert? — do you have any ice cream?
    esta vez no hubo suerte, otra vez será we were unlucky o out of luck this time, maybe next time
    ¿cuántos kilómetros hay de Mérida a Sevilla? how many kilometers are there o is it from Mérida to Seville?
    no hay día en que no tengan una discusión not a day goes by without their having an argument
    no hay como un buen descanso cuando uno se siente así there's nothing like a good rest when you're feeling like that
    no hay quien lo aguante he's absolutely unbearable
    hay quien piensa que es un error there are those who feel it's a mistake
    hubo or ( crit) hubieron varios heridos several people were injured
    habíamos sólo tres niñas ( crit); we were the only three girls, there were only three of us girls ( colloq)
    [ S ] hay leche fresca fresh milk sold o on sale here
    las hay rojas y amarillas también there are o you can get red ones and yellow ones too
    dijo que no había problemas pero los hay she said there weren't any problems but there are
    ¡no hay más que hablar! there's nothing more to be said! o that's my last word (on the subject)!
    graciasno hay de qué thank you — don't mention it o not at all o it's a pleasure o you're welcome
    no hay de qué preocuparse there's nothing to worry about
    hola ¿qué hay? ( fam); hello, how are things?
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?
    es un poco largo — ¿qué hay? ¡lo acortamos! (CS fam); it's rather long — so what? we'll shorten it
    ¿qué hubo? (Col, Méx fam); how are things?
    ¿qué hubo de lo de Jorge y Ana? what happened with Jorge and Ana?
    donde los/las haya: es listo/sinvergüenza donde los haya he's as clever/rotten as they come
    habérselas con algn/algo: como vuelva por aquí tendrá que habérselas conmigo if he comes around here again he'll have me to deal with
    habido y por haber: se conoce todos los trucos habidos y por haber she knows every trick in the book
    he leído todo lo habido y por haber sobre el tema I've read absolutely everything there is to read on the subject
    ser de lo que no hay ( fam): eres de lo que no hay, nunca más te confío un secreto you're the limit o you're unbelievable! I'm never going to tell you a secret again
    B (ser necesario) haber QUE + INF:
    va a haber que hacerlo it'll have to be done
    hay que ser más optimista you/we/they must be more optimistic
    hubo que tirar la puerta abajo we/they had to break the door down
    me dijo que había que entregarlo el lunes he told me it had to be handed in on Monday
    ¡hay que ver qué genio tiene el mocito! well, well, he has got a temper, hasn't he!
    ¡hay que ver! ¡las cosas que uno tiene que aguantar! honestly! the things one has to put up with!
    ¡había que verlo allí jugando en la nieve! you should have seen him there playing in the snow!
    no hay más que apretar el botón all you have to do is press the button
    no hay que darle muy fuerte (no es necesario) you don't need to o you don't have to hit it too hard; (no se debe) you mustn't hit it too hard
    C ( liter)
    (en expresiones de tiempo): muchos años/mucho tiempo ha many years/a long time ago
    años ha que no sé nada de él I haven't heard from him for years
    vt
    habido, -da
    pp ( frml) (tenido): los hijos habidos fuera del matrimonio children born out of wedlock ( frml)
    cuatro hijos habidos de dos padres distintos four children born of two different fathers
    A (bienes) assets (pl)
    varias fincas forman parte de su haber his assets include various properties
    B (en contabilidad) credit side
    tener algo en su haber ( period): tiene en su haber varios premios literarios he has several literary prizes to his credit
    ya tiene cuatro robos en su haber he has already notched up four robberies
    (emolumentos, paga): los haberes que se le adeudan moneys o monies owed to you ( frml)
    los haberes del mes de diciembre income o earnings for the month of December
    * * *

     

    haber 1 ( conjugate haber) v aux ( en tiempos compuestos) to have;

    de haberlo sabido had I known, if I'd known;
    ¡deberías haberlo dicho! you should have said so!
    haber v impers (existir, estar, darse): hay una carta/varias cartas para ti there's a letter/there are several letters for you;
    ¿hay un banco por aquí? is there a bank near here?;
    hubo dos accidentes there were two accidents;
    ¿hay helado? do you have any ice cream?;
    no hay como un buen descanso there's nothing like a good rest;
    hubo varios heridos several people were injured;
    las hay rojas y verdes there are red ones and green ones;
    gracias — no hay de qué thank you — don't mention it o not at all o you're welcome;
    no hay de qué preocuparse there's nothing to worry about;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? (fam) what's new?;
    hola ¿qué hay? (fam) hello, how are things?;
    ¿qué hubo? (Andes, Méx, Ven fam) how are things?
    ( ser necesario) haber que + inf:
    hay que estudiar you/we/they must study;

    hubo que romperlo we/they had to break it;
    no hay que lavarlo ( no es necesario) you don't need o have to wash it;

    ( no se debe) you mustn't wash it
    haber 2 sustantivo masculino
    a) ( bienes) assets (pl)


    c)

    haberes sustantivo masculino plural (frml) ( ingresos) income, earnings (pl)

    haber
    I verbo auxiliar
    1 (en tiempos compuestos) to have: espero que no lo haya hecho, I hope he hasn't done it
    lo he comido todo, I've eaten it all
    lo hubiera hecho de todos modos, she would have done it anyway
    II verbo impersonal
    1 (existir, estar, hallarse) hay, there is o are
    había, there was o were: hay poco que decir, there is little to be said
    había muchísima gente en la estación, there were a lot of people in the station
    hay cien metros de mi casa a la estación, it's a hundred metres from my home to the station
    2 (ocurrir, suceder) la guerra que hubo en el 36, the war that took place in 36
    habrá una reunión, there will be a meeting
    hoy hay fiesta en el club náutico, there's a party today in the sailing club
    los robos habidos en este barrio, the robberies which have been committed in this neighbourhood
    III ( haber de + infinitivo) (obligación) to have to: has de ser más estudioso, you must be more studious
    ( haber que + infinitivo) (conveniencia, necesidad u obligación) it is necessary to: habrá que ir, we will have to go
    habría que pintar el salón, we should paint the living room
    hay que hacerlo, you must do it
    IV nm
    1 Fin credit 2 en su haber, in his possession
    figurado in his favour
    V mpl haberes, (bienes) assets
    (salario) wages
    ♦ Locuciones: había una vez..., once upon a time...
    no hay de qué, you're welcome o don't mention it
    Hay que tener mucho cuidado al traducir este verbo, ya que el inglés diferencia entre el singular y el plural: Hay un hombre fuera. There is a man outside. Hay dos hombres fuera. There are two men outside. Había un gato en el tejado. There was a cat on the roof. Había muchos libros. There were a lot of books.
    ' haber' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    abundar
    - apencar
    - comprobante
    - contrapartida
    - deber
    - dolo
    - estrechamiento
    - ir
    - gravedad
    - llevarse
    - localmente
    - parecer
    - perdón
    - pesar
    - ropa
    - satisfacción
    - sobrar
    - tirada
    - acusar
    - altura
    - con
    - encantado
    - existir
    - faltar
    - habrá
    - hay
    - he
    - hube
    - lo
    - los
    - poder
    - quedar
    - seguir
    English:
    awfully
    - be
    - catch
    - credit side
    - deny
    - doghouse
    - earth
    - have
    - hotly
    - life
    - limit
    - party
    - point-blank
    - recollect
    - regret
    - remember
    - save
    - still
    - thank
    - there
    - through
    - wish
    - achievement
    - anticipate
    - apologize
    - but
    - could
    - expect
    - further
    - likely
    - mean
    - mercy
    - might
    - must
    - name
    - otherwise
    - ought
    - over
    - report
    - should
    - sorry
    - suggest
    - will
    * * *
    v aux
    1. [en tiempos compuestos] to have;
    lo he/había hecho I have/had done it;
    los niños ya han comido the children have already eaten;
    no he estado en la India I haven't been to India;
    en el estreno ha habido mucha gente there were a lot of people at the première
    2. [expresa reproche]
    haber venido antes you could have come a bit earlier;
    ¡haberlo dicho! why didn't you say so?;
    haberme escuchado I told you (so), you should have listened to me;
    de haberlo sabido… if only I'd known…
    3. [expresa obligación]
    haber de hacer algo to have to do sth;
    has de estudiar más you have to study more;
    he de llamarle I ought to call him;
    ha de llegar un día en el que todo se arregle there's bound to come a time when everything gets sorted out;
    siempre has de ser tú el que se queje you always have to be the one to complain
    v impersonal
    1. [existir, estar]
    hay there is/are;
    hay un regalo para ti there's a present for you;
    hay dos árboles en la plaza there are two trees on the square;
    hay mucha gente en la calle there are a lot of people in the street;
    había/hubo muchos problemas there were a lot of problems;
    no hubo tal penalty it wasn't a penalty;
    habrá dos mil [expresa futuro] there will be two thousand;
    [expresa hipótesis] there must be two thousand;
    los hay de distintas tallas they come in different sizes;
    ¿cuánto hay de aquí a Santiago? how far is it from here to Santiago?;
    hay quien opina que… there are those who think that…;
    es un caballero como hay pocos he's that rare thing, a real gentleman;
    es un artista donde los haya he's as good an artist as you'll find;
    algo habrá cuando todo el mundo habla de ello if everyone's talking about it there must be something in it;
    (todo) lo habido y por haber everything under the sun;
    gracias – no hay de qué thank you – don't mention it;
    no hay día (en) que no haya algún accidente a day doesn't go by without there being some kind of accident;
    no hay más que apretar el botón simply press the button;
    no hay nada como una buena comida there's nothing like a good meal;
    no hay nadie como ella there's no one like her;
    no hay quien lo entienda there's no understanding him;
    no hay más que hablar there is no more to be said;
    ¡hay que ver! well I never!;
    no hay más que ver lo feliz que está you just have to see how happy she is;
    ¡eres de lo que no hay! you're unbelievable!
    2. [expresa obligación]
    hay que hacer más ejercicio one o you should do more exercise;
    hay que comer para vivir we must eat in order to live;
    hay que esforzarse más, Luis you need to try harder, Luis;
    no hay que apretar tanto there's no need to press so hard;
    creo que había que contárselo I think we ought to tell him;
    ¡aquello había que verlo! you should have seen it!;
    habrá que soportar su mal humor we'll have to put up with his bad mood
    3. Fam [en preguntas]
    ¿qué hay? [saludo] how are you doing?;
    CSur [¿qué importa?] so (what)?, big deal!;
    ¿qué hay de nuevo? what's new?;
    CSur
    está lloviendo -- ¿y qué hay?, estamos en auto it's raining -- so what? we're in the car;
    CAm, Col, Méx, Ven
    ¿qué hubo? [saludo] how are you doing?
    4. Literario [hacer]
    tres meses ha que marchó it is three months since she left
    vt
    Formal [tener]
    el abuelo, que Dios haya en su gloria,… grandfather, God rest his soul,…;
    los hijos habidos en el matrimonio the children from the marriage
    * * *
    I v/aux
    1 en tiempos compuestos have;
    hemos llegado we’ve arrived;
    lo he oído I’ve heard it;
    ¿la ha visto? has he seen her?
    :
    he de levantarme pronto I have to o I’ve got to get up early
    3
    :
    de haberlo sabido if I’d known;
    has de ver Méx you have o
    ought to see it;
    habérselas con alguien have it out with s.o.;
    años ha lit years ago
    II v/ impers
    1 ( existir)
    :
    hay there is sg, there are pl ;
    hubo un incendio there was a fire;
    había mucha gente there were a lot of people;
    hoy no hay clase there aren’t any lessons today, school is closed today;
    ya no hay más there’s none left; there are none left;
    no hay como … there’s nothing like …;
    esto es de lo que no hay this is the limit!
    :
    hay que hacerlo it has to be done;
    no hay de qué not at all, don’t mention it;
    no hay más que decir there’s nothing more to be said;
    no hay que pagar para entrar you don’t have to pay to go in;
    no hay que hablar con la boca llena you mustn’t o shouldn’t talk with your mouth full
    3
    :
    ¿qué hay?, Méx
    ¿qué hubo? how’s it going?, what’s happening?;
    es ingenioso donde los haya he’s as ingenious as they come
    III m asset; pago fee;
    tiene en su haber 50.000 pesos she’s 50,000 pesos in credit;
    haberes pl ( bienes) assets; ( sueldo) salary sg
    * * *
    haber {39} v aux
    1) : have, has
    no ha llegado el envío: the shipment hasn't arrived
    2)
    haber de : must
    ha de ser tarde: it must be late
    haber v impers
    1)
    hay : there is, there are
    hay dos mensajes: there are two messages
    ¿qué hay de nuevo?: what's new?
    2)
    hay que : it is necessary
    hay que trabajar más rápido: you have to work faster
    haber nm
    1) : assets pl
    2) : credit, credit side
    3) haberes nmpl
    : salary, income, remuneration
    * * *
    haber vb
    1. (verbo auxiliar) to have
    ¿has comido? have you eaten?
    2. (existir, tener lugar) there is / there are
    ¿qué hay? how are things?

    Spanish-English dictionary > haber

  • 12 see

    1. I
    1) he can't see, he is blind он не видит, он слепей; can the puppy see? щенок [уже] видит /не слепой/?
    2) I cannot see мне не видно; there is nothing to see тут нечего смотреть: as far as the eye can see насколько видит глаз; see, here he comes смотрите, вот он идет; it took place in the street, where all could see это произошло на улице на глазах у всех; wait and see подождем, = поживем see увидим
    3) now, do you see? теперь вам ясно?; don't you see? неужели вы не понимаете?; see? понятно, ясно?; it was not easy, you see, to leave видите ли /вы понимаете, что/, уехать было не так просто
    4) let me see, have I posted the letter? дай мне подумать, отправил ли я письмо?; let me see, it should be on the first page постой, постой, это должно быть на первой странице; will you come to dinner tomorrow? see I'll see вы придете обедать завтра? see [Я] подумаю /посмотрю/, видно будет
    2. II
    1) see in some manner see well (poorly, far, etc.) хорошо и т.д. видеть; have you seen enough? вы уже насмотрелись?; see somewhere you can't see here, it is dark здесь темно и ничего не видно; see overleaf смотри(те) на обороте; see far смотреть вперед, предвидеть; I can't see as far as that так далеко вперед я не могу загадывать /предвидеть/; as far as one can see, he has a brilliant career before him насколько можно судить, у него блестящее будущее /его ждет блестящая карьера
    3. III
    1) see smth., smb. see a letter (a tree, something green, the outline of a building, a stranger, etc.) (увидеть письмо и т.д.; let me see that paper дайте мне взглянуть на /посмотреть/ эту газету; I looked but saw nothing я посмотрел, но ничего не увидел; animals appear to see things invisible to human sight звери, вероятно, видят то, что остается недоступным человеческому глазу; what can /do/ you see? что вы видите?; see page 5 (pattern 4, figure 2, etc.) смотри(те) страницу пятую и т.д.; see ghosts (visions, spirits, bogies, etc.) видеть привидения и т.д.
    2) see smb. see a friend (one's parents, etc.) повидаться с другом и т.д.; I'll be seeing you coll. [мы еще с вами] увидимся, до скорого свидания; see a doctor (a lawyer, etc.) пойти к врачу и т.д., (по)советоваться / (про)консультироваться/ с врачом и т.д.; see an official обратиться к официальному лицу; can I see the inspector? могу я поговорить /повидаться/ с инспектором?; ask to see the manager попросите вызвать администратора; he sees nobody он никого не принимает: come to /and/ see smb. прийти повидать /навестить/ кого-л.
    3) see smth., smb. see a town (a country, a district, the sights, Rome, the world's Fair, Oxford, etc.) осматривать город и т.д.; have you ever seen France? бывали ли вы когда-либо во Франции?; [go to]a show (a play, an actress, etc.) [сходить] (подсмотреть спектакль и т.д.; did you see the exhibition? ты был, на выставке?; 1 went to see the exhibition я пошел посмотреть выставку
    4) see smth., smb. have in a man to see the drains вызовите мастера, чтобы он проверил /осмотрел/ канализацию; see a patient принять /осмотреть, посетить/ больного
    5) see smth. see life /something of life/ (a good deal of the world, etc.) повидать жизнь и т.д.; he has seen hardships он изведал трудности; this old man has seen better days старик видел лучшие времена; my саг (these boots, this coat, etc.) has seen long /plenty of/ service моя машина и т.д. хорошо [мне] послужила; this coat has seen hard wear это пальто поизносилось /пообтрепалось/; that year (the XIXth century, this period, the Elizabeth's reign, etc.) has seen many changes в этом году и т.д. произошло много перемен, этот год и т.д. явился свидетелем многих перемен; I never saw such rudeness (such doings, etc.) я никогда не сталкивался с такой грубостью и т.д.; I never saw such beauty мне никогда не доводилось встречаться с такой красотой; he will never see 40 again ему уже за сорок; he didn't live to see his son's marriage он не дожил до /не увидел/ женитьбы сына
    6) see smth. see a joke (the purpose, the reason, the point of the argument, the advantage of his presence, the cause of our misfortune, etc.) понимать шутку и т.д.; I was beginning to see light я стал кое-что понимать, кое-что начало проясняться; I do not see the point я не вижу /не понимаю/, в чем здесь смысл; до меня не доходит суть /соль/; this is how I see it вот, как я это понимаю /представляю себе/; as I see it по-моему, по моему мнению; see things /a lot, much/ понимать /видеть/ многое; she sees everything мимо нее ничего не проходит, от нее ничего не ускользает; she sees nothing она ничего не замечает
    4. IV
    1) see smb., smth. in some manner see smb., smth. distinctly (clearly, faintly, vaguely, dimly, etc.) отчетливо и т.д. видеть кого-л., что-л. || see war at close quarters непосредственно участвовать в войне
    2) see smb. in some manner see smb. willingly (joyfully, reluctantly, etc.) охотно и т.д. видаться с кем-л.; see the man professionaly обратиться к нему как к специалисту; see smb. at some time see smb. later (again, lately, often, tomorrow, this afternoon, etc.) встретиться с кем-л. позже и т.д.; I must see you once more я обязательно должен еще раз повидаться с вами; see you soon! coll. до скорой встречи, пока; the ambassador finally saw him посол наконец принял его; she is too ill to see anyone at present она очень больна, и ей нельзя сейчас ни с кем видеться
    3) see smth. at some time we saw "Hamlet" last night мы были на "Гамлете" вчера
    4) see smb. at some time he seems ill, the doctor ought to see him at once он, по-видимому, болен, его надо немедленно показать врачу
    5) see smb. somewhere see smb. home see as far as the station, aboard, etc.) провожать кого-л. домой и т.д.; see smb. in проводить кого-л. в комнату (в дом и т.п.); see smb. out провожать кого-л. до выхода /к дверям/
    6) see smth. in some manner see things differently представлять себе /смотреть на/ вещи иначе; I don't see the matter that way я смотрю на это иначе
    5. VI
    1) see smb. as being in some state see smb. angry (happy, etc.) видеть кого-л. сердитым и т.д.
    2) see smb. under some conditions see smb. alone повидать кого-л. наедине
    3) see smth. as possessing some quanta see it necessary (fit, proper, etc.) to do smth. считать /находить/ необходимым и т.д. сделать что-л.; see things wrong иметь обо всем превратное мнение; see everything black видеть все в черном свете
    6. VII
    1) see smb., smth. do smth. see the boy take the apples (the object move, them leave their home, him come, the dog run, etc.) видеть, как мальчик взял яблоки и т.д.; you cannot see your sister starve without trying to help her вы ведь не можете видеть, как ваша сестра голодает, и не попытаться ей помочь; see smth. to be smth. I saw it to be a forgery я увидел, что это подделка
    2) || see one's way to do smth. понимать, как надо действовать; I don't see my way to get you an invitation я не вижу /не знаю/, как раздобыть /достать/ для вас приглашение; as soon as I see my way to do it... как только я соображу /пойму/, как это сделать...
    7. VIII
    see smb., smth. doing smth. see him falling (her coming, the boy running, the child slipping, him taking the apples, etc.) видеть, как он падает и т.д.; we can see the forest stretching out мы видим простирающийся вдаль лес; 1 can't see myself doing such a thing see myself agreeing to this proposal, myself submitting to this decision, him allowing people to cheat him, etc.) не могу себе представить, чтобы я так поступил и т.д.
    8. IX
    see smb., smth. done see the child kissed (him taken away, the house rebuilt, the city destroyed, etc.) видеть, как целуют ребенка и т.д.; I'd sacrifice everything rather than see you disgraced я готов пожертвовать всем, чтобы не видеть вашего позора; I want to see justice done я хочу [добиться того], чтобы восторжествовала справедливость
    9. XI
    1) be seen come where we cannot be seen пойдем куда-нибудь, где нас не увидят; see and not be seen смотреть /наблюдать/, но самому оставаться незамеченным; children should be seen but not heard детей в доме не должно быть слышно, даже когда они на глазах; he is not fit to be seen у него такой вид, что ему нельзя на люди показываться; there was not a house to be seen не было видно ни единого дома; that remains to be seen надо еще посмотреть /подумать/; be seen with smb. I would not саге to be seen with him мне бы не хотелось, чтобы меня видели с ним; be seen in some manner be dimly (clearly, etc.) seen быть плохо и т.д. видимым; the monument is vaguely seen in the distance издалека памятник едва видно; these tricks are easily seen все эти уловки насквозь видны; be seen from smth. be seen from a short distance (from afar, from a hill, etc.) быть видимым с небольшого расстояния и т.д.; be seen through smth. very little could be seen through the keyhole в замочную скважину мало что было видно; be seen with smth. the writing on the stamp can be seen with naked eyes буквы на марке можно рассмотреть /разглядеть/ невооруженным глазом; be seen by smb. it had never been seen by European eyes этого не видел ни один европеец; be seen somewhere the baggage was last seen at the station в последний раз багаж видели на станции; be seen to do smth. he was seen to fall (to come, to walk, etc.) видели, как он упал и т.д.; be seen doing smth. he was seen falling (coming, etc.) его видели падающим и т.д., видели, как он падал и т.д.; be seen like smth. the airship was seen like a speck in the sky самолет казался маленькой точкой в небе
    2) be seen of smb. has anything been seen of him in the last two weeks? его кто-нибудь видел /встречал/ за последние две недели?; be seen in some place he is much seen in society он много бывает /его часто видят/ в обществе
    3) be seen that... from this (from this fact, from the abovesaid, etc.) it will be /can be/ [easily] seen that... из этого и т.д. [с очевидностью] следует, что...; it can be seen at a glance, that... ясно с первого взгляда, что...; it will thus be seen that... таким образом, станет ясно, что...
    10. XIII
    see to do smth. can you see to read in this light вы можете читать /вы разбираете буквы/ при таком освещении?
    11. XV
    1) see in some manner owls see best at night совы лучше всего видят ночью; one may see double when drunk у пьяного в глазах двоится
    2) see fit to do smth. you may go if you see fit to do so вы можете идти, если считаете это удобным
    12. XVI
    1) see with smth. see with one eye видеть одним глазом; see till some time a puppy cannot see till the ninth day щенки слепы первые девять дней; see in smth. see in the dark (in this light, in the rays of the sun, etc.) видеть в темноте и т.д. id he is not able to see beyond the end of his nose он не видит дальше своего носа
    2) see about /to /smth. see about the luggage (about the matter, to the fire, to all the locks and doors, to all the arrangements, to the business, etc.) позаботиться о багаже и т.д., последить за багажом и т.д.; leave it to me, I'll see to it оставьте /поручите/ это мне, я прослежу за этим; this machine is out of order, will you see to it? машина не в порядке, посмотрите, в чем там дело; see after smth. see after one's own interests соблюдать свой интерес
    3) see through smb., smth. see through him (through his motives, through smb.'s tricks, through her little game, through his politeness, through her fine ways, through smb.'s disguise, etc.) видеть его и т.д. насквозь; we could see through his plan мы понимали, что кроется за его планом
    13. XVII
    see about doing smth. see about getting the license plates (about sending the report in time, about packing, about ordering a car, etc.) (по)заботиться о том, чтобы получить номера для машины и т.д., проследить за получением номеров для машины и т.д.
    14. XVIII
    see oneself 'in smb. see oneself in one's children видеть себя в детях || see [for] oneself убедиться самому, увидеть собственными глазами
    15. XXI1
    1) see smth., smb. in /at /smth. see an interesting story in a book (a letter in a box, a girl in a room, smb. at a distance, etc.) (у)видеть интересный рассказ в книге и т.д.; see smb., smth. in fat) smth. see smb., smth. in dreams видеть кого-л., что-л. во сне; I can't quite see her (myself, etc.) at a ball я не могу представить себе ее и т.д. на балу; see smth., smb. through smth. see smth., smb. through a crack in the wall (through the trees, etc.) (у)видеть что-л., кого-л. через щель в стене и т.д.; I could see very little through the keyhole мне было плохо видно /я мало что видел/ в замочную скважину; see smth., smb. with smth. see smth., smb. with one's own eyes видеть что-л., кого-л. собственными глазами; see smth. before smth. I'd like to see the house before I decide to take it я бы хотел осмотреть дом, прежде чем решиться на покупку || see the last of smb., smth. распрощаться с кем-л., чем-л.; when shall I see the last of her! когда я наконец избавлюсь от неё!; I hope I have seen the last of this book надеюсь, я все-таки отделался от этой книги
    2) see smth. in smb., smth. see charming traits in people (the fault in him, many problems in it, many things in the ordinary, a great danger in that sort of thing, etc.) находить /видеть/ в людях привлекательные черты и т.д.; to refuse to see any good in him отказаться видеть в нем что-л. хорошее; I don't know what you can see in her не знаю, что вы в ней находите
    3) see smth. of smb. see much of each other (little of the Browns, a great deal of him, etc.) часто /много/ встречаться [друг с другом] и т.д.; I don't see anything of my neighbours я совсем не вижу своих соседей, я совсем не встречаюсь со своими соседями; see less of smb. in winter реже видеться с кем-л. зимой; she's seeing too much of him она слишком часто встречается с ним; see smb. at (for) some time see you on Sunday до встречи в воскресенье; I haven't seen you for ages я вас не видел целую вечность; can I see you for a moment? можно вас на минуту?; see smb. about (on) smth. see a man about the book (an inspector about the case, one's lawyer about the matter, a doctor about your condition, a doctor about her injury, etc.) повидать одного человека по поводу книги и т.д.; see smb. on business повидаться с кем-л. по делу
    4) see smth. in some time see a lot in his life /a great deal in his time/ изведать жизнь, повидать немало в жизни
    5) see smb. to some place see you to the door (him to the gate, a friend to the station, etc.) проводить вас до двери и т.д.; see the children to bed уложить детей спать; see smb. into (on, off, etc.) smth. see smb. into a train (on board a ship) посадить кого-л. в поезд (на пароход); see smb. off the premises выпроводить кого-л.
    6) see smb. through smth. see us through the customs (his brother through college, me through the difficulty, her through her trouble) помочь нам пройти таможенный досмотр и т.д.
    7) || see smth., smb. in some light видеть что-л., кого-л. в каком-л. свете; see smth. in the same light сходиться.во мнении относительно чего-л.; see smth. in a different light видеть что-л. в ином свете; 1 don't see it in that light у меня по этому вопросу другое мнение
    16. XXII
    see smth. of doing smth. see the use of going there (the good of helping her, the advantage of keeping your mouth shut, the fun of dancing, etc.) видеть смысл в том, чтобы пойти туда и т.д.; I don't see the good of getting angry не вижу никакого смысла злиться || see one's way to doing smth. придумать /найти/, как что-л. сделать
    17. XXIV1
    see smb. as smb. I can't see him as president (as a teacher, as a husband, etc.) я не могу себе представить его в роли президента и т.д.
    18. XXIV4
    see smth. as... see the problem as it is видеть проблему реально
    19. XXV
    1) see that... see that the man was old (that he was blind, that it is time to go, that the box is empty, etc.) видеть, что это старый человек /старик/ и т.д.; see whether..., (if..., how..., what..., etc.) see whether the book is there (if the postman has come, if this hat suits you, who it is, what you've done, what has happened, what courage can do, how far we have gone, etc.) посмотреть, там ли книга и т.д.; see who's at the door посмотри, кто пришел; can you see where the mistake is? вы можете найти ошибку?; we are anxious to see what there is to be seen of the country мы хотим повидать все достопримечательности страны
    2) see that smth. is done see that the work is done (that the letter is mailed sometime today, that nothing goes wrong, that nothing has been neglected, that he comes to no harm, that he comes in time, that everything is in order, etc.) проследить, чтобы работа была сделана и т.д.; see that you lock the back door смотри, запри /не забудь запереть/ черный ход; see you don't miss the train смотри, не опоздай на поезд
    3) see what... (that..., why..., etc.) see what I mean (what it is to have courage, that I am not wanted, that you have changed your mind, why you did that, why he doesn't come, how or why it is done, etc.) понимать, что я хочу сказать и т.д.; we saw that it was useless to insist мы поняли, что бесполезно настаивать; can't you see that I'm tired? разве вы не видите /не понимаете/, что я устал?; I see how it is мне понятно, как обстоят дела
    4) see what... (when..., etc.) let me see what I can do (what ought to do now, when we can come, etc.) дайте подумать /сообразить/, что я могу сделать и т.д.
    20. XXVII1
    see through what... I am beginning to see through what he has in mind я начинаю понимать, что у него на уме
    21. XXVII2
    1) see from smth. that... I see from my diary that I am expected today (from the papers that he is dead, etc.) по моим записям я вижу, что меня ждут сегодня и т.д.
    2) see to it that... see to it that the light is switched off проследи, чтобы свет был выключен

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > see

  • 13 AT

    I) prep.
    A. with dative.
    I. Of motion;
    1) towards, against;
    Otkell laut at Skamkatli, bowed down to S.;
    hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge against A.;
    Brynjólfr gengr alit at honum, quite up to him;
    þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters with him;
    3) to, at;
    koma at landi, to come to land;
    ganga at dómi, to go into court;
    4) along (= eptir);
    ganga at stræti, to walk along the street;
    dreki er niðr fór at ánni (went down the river) fyrir strauminum;
    refr dró hörpu at ísi, on the ice;
    5) denoting hostility;
    renna (sœkja) at e-m, to rush at, assault;
    gerði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog;
    6) around;
    vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a veil round one’s head;
    bera grjót at e-m, to heap stones upon the body;
    7) denoting business, engagement;
    ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after horses, watching sheep;
    fara at landskuldum, to go collecting rents.
    II. Of position, &c.;
    1) denoting presence at, near, by, upon;
    at kirkju, at church;
    at dómi, in court;
    at lögbergi, at the hill of laws;
    2) denoting participation in;
    vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, wedding;
    3) ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at;
    kvalararnir, er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him;
    var þar at kona nökkur at binda (was there busy dressing) sár manna;
    4) with proper names of places (farms);
    konungr at Danmörku ok Noregi, king of;
    biskup at Hólum, bishop of Holar;
    at Helgafelli, at Bergþórshváli;
    5) used ellipt. with a genitive, at (a person’s) house;
    at hans (at his house) gisti fjölmenni mikit;
    at Marðar, at Mara’s home;
    at hins beilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church;
    at Ránar, at Ran’s (abode).
    III. Of time;
    1) at, in;
    at upphafi, at first, in the beginning;
    at skilnaði, at parting, when they parted;
    at páskum, at Easter;
    at kveldi, at eventide;
    at fjöru, at the ebb;
    at flœðum, at the floodtide;
    2) adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr’;
    at ári komanda, next year;
    at vári, er kemr, next spring;
    generally with ‘komanda’ understood;
    at sumri, hausti, vetri, vári, next summer, &c.;
    3) used with an absolute dative and present or past part.;
    at sér lifanda, duing his lifetime;
    at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all;
    at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the hearing of the chief;
    at upprennandi sólu, at sunrise;
    at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks are past;
    at honum önduðum, after his death;
    4) denoting uninterrupted succession, after;
    hverr at öðrum, annarr at öðrum, one after another;
    skildu menn at þessu, thereupon, after this;
    at því (thereafter) kómu aðrar meyjar.
    IV. fig. and in various uses;
    1) to, into, with the notion of destruction or change;
    brenna (borgina) at ösku, to burn to ashes;
    verða at ormi, to become a snake;
    2) for, as;
    gefa e-t at gjöf, as a present;
    eiga e-n at vin, to have one as friend;
    3) by;
    taka sverð at hjöltum, by the hilt;
    draga út björninn at hlustunum, by the ears;
    kjósa at afli, álitum, by strength, appearrance;
    auðigr at fé, wealthy in goods;
    vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face;
    5) as a law term, on the grounds of, by reason of;
    ryðja ( to challenge) dóm at mægðum, kvið at frændsemi;
    6) as a paraphrase of a genitive;
    faðir, móðir at barni (= barns, of a child);
    aðili at sök = aðili sakar;
    7) with adjectives denoting colour, size, age, of;
    hvítr, svartr, rauðr at lit, while, black, red of colour;
    mikill, lítill at stœrð, vexti, tall, small of stature;
    tvítugr at aldri, twenty years of age;
    kýr at fyrsta, öðrum kálfi, a cow that has calved once, twice;
    8) determining the source from which anything comes, of, from;
    Ari nam ok marga frœði at Þuríði (from her);
    þiggja, kaupa, geta, leigja e-t at e-m, to receive, buy, obtain, borrow a thing from one;
    hafa veg (virðing) styrk at e-m, to derive honour, power, from one;
    9) according, to, after (heygðr at fornum sið);
    at ráði allra vitrustu manna, by the advice of;
    at landslögum, by the law of the land;
    at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave;
    10) in adverbial phrases;
    gróa (vera grœddr) at heilu, to be quite healed;
    bíta af allt gras at snøggu, quite bare;
    at fullu, fully;
    at vísu, surely;
    at frjálsu, freely;
    at eilífu, for ever and ever;
    at röngu, at réttu, wrongly, rightly;
    at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same;
    at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent.
    B. with acc., after, upon (= eptir);
    sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, to take the inheritance after his father;
    at þat (= eptir þat), after that, thereafter;
    connected with a past part. or a., at Gamla fallinn, after the fall of Gamli;
    at Hrungni dauðan, upon the death of Hrungnir.
    1) as the simple mark of the infinitive, to;
    at ganga, at ríða, at hlaupa, to walk, to ride, to run;
    2) in an objective sense;
    hann bauð þeim at fara, sitja, he bade (ordered) them to go, sit;
    gefa e-m at eta, at drekka, to give one to eat, to drink;
    3) denoting design or purpose, in order to (hann gekk í borg at kaupa silfr).
    1) demonstrative particle before a comparative, the, all the, so much the;
    hón grét at meir, she wept the more;
    þykkir oss at líkara, all the more likely;
    þú ert maðr at verri (so much the worse), er þú hefir þetta mælt;
    2) rel. pron., who, which, that (= er);
    þeir allir, at þau tíðindi heyrðu, all those who heard;
    sem þeim er títt, at ( as is the custom of those who) kaupferðir reka.
    conj., that;
    1) introducing a subjective or objective clause;
    þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, it happened once that H.;
    vilda ek, at þú réðist austr í fjörðu, I should like you to go;
    2) relative to svá, denoting proportion, degree;
    svá mikill lagamaðr, at, so great a lawyer, that;
    3) with subj., denoting end or purpose, in order that (skáru þeir fyrir þá (viz. hestana) melinn, at þeir dœi eigi af sulti);
    4) since, because, as (= því at);
    5) connected with þó, því, svá;
    þó at (with subj.), though, although;
    því at, because, for;
    svá at, so that;
    6) temp., þá at (= þá er), when;
    þegar at (= þegar er), as soon as;
    þar til at (= þar til er), until, till;
    áðr at (= á. en), before;
    7) used superfluously after an int. pron. or adv.;
    Ólafr spurði, hvern styrk at hann mundi fá honum, what help he was likely to give him;
    in a relative sense; með fullkomnum ávexti, hverr at (which) þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða.
    V)
    negative verbal suffix, = ata; var-at, was not.
    odda at, Yggs at, battle.
    * * *
    1.
    and að, prep., often used ellipt. dropping the case and even merely as an adverb, [Lat. ad; Ulf. at = πρός and παρά, A. S. ät; Engl. at; Hel. ad = apud; O. H. G. az; lost in mod. Germ., and rare in Swed. and Dan.; in more freq. use in Engl. than any other kindred language, Icel. only excepted]:—the mod. pronunciation and spelling is (); this form is very old, and is found in Icel. vellum MSS. of the 12th century, e. g. aþ, 623. 60; yet in earlier times it was sounded with a tenuis, as we may infer from rhymes, e. g. jöfurr hyggi at | hve ek yrkja fat, Egill: Sighvat also makes it rhyme with a t. The verse by Thorodd—þar vastu at er fjáðr klæðið þvat (Skálda 162)—is hardly intelligible unless we accept the spelling with an aspirate (), and say that þvað is = þvá = þváði, lavabat; it may be that by the time of Thorodd and Ari the pure old pronunciation was lost, or is ‘þvat’ simply the A. S. þvât, secuit? The Icelanders still, however, keep the tenuis in compounds before a vowel, or before h, v, or the liquids l, r, thus—atyrða, atorka, athöfn, athugi, athvarf, athlægi; atvinna, atvik; atlaga, atlíðanði ( slope), atriði, atreið, atróðr: but aðdjúpr, aðfinsla (critic), aðferð, aðkoma, aðsókn, aðsúgr (crowding), aðgæzla. In some words the pronunciation is irregular, e. g. atkvæði not aðkv-; atburðr, but aðbúnaðr; aðhjúkran not athjúkran; atgörvi not aðgörfi. At, to, towards; into; against; along, by; in regard to; after.
    Mostly with dat.; rarely with acc.; and sometimes ellipt.—by dropping the words ‘home,’ ‘house,’ or the like—with gen.
    WITH DAT.
    A. LOC.
    I. WITH MOTION; gener. the motion to the borders, limits of an object, and thus opp. to frá:
    1. towards, against, with or without the notion of arrival, esp. connected with verbs denoting motion (verba movendi et eundi), e. g. fara, ganga, koma, lúta, snúa, rétta at…; Otkell laut at Skamkatli, O. louted (i. e. bowed down) towards S., Nj. 77, Fms. xi. 102; sendimaðrinn sneri ( turned) hjöltum sverðsins at konungi, towards the king, i. 15; hann sneri egginni at Ásgrími, turned the edge towards A., Nj. 220; rétta e-t at e-m, to reach, hand over, Ld. 132; ganga at, to step towards, Ísl. ii. 259.
    2. denoting proximity, close up to, up to; Brynjólfr gengr … allt at honum, B. goes quite up to him, Nj. 58; Gunnarr kom þangat at þeim örunum, G. reached them even there with his arrows, 115; þeir kómust aldri at honum, they could never get near him, to close quarters, id.; reið maðr at þeim (up to them), 274; þeir höfðu rakit sporin allt at ( right up to) gammanum, Fms. i. 9; komu þeir at sjó fram, came down to the sea, Bárð. 180.
    3. without reference to the space traversed, to or at; koma at landi, to land, Ld. 38, Fms. viii. 358; ríða at dyrum, Boll. 344; hlaupa at e-m, to run up to, run at, Fms. vii. 218, viii. 358; af sjáfarganginum er hann gekk at landinu, of the surf dashing against the shore, xi. 6; vísa ólmum hundi at manni, to set a fierce hound at a man, Grág. ii. 118; leggja e-n at velli, to lay low, Eg. 426, Nj. 117; hníga at jörðu, at grasi, at moldu, to bite the dust, to die, Njarð. 378; ganga at dómi, a law term, to go into court, of a plaintiff, defendant, or bystander, Nj. 87 (freq.)
    4. denoting a motion along, into, upon; ganga at stræti, to walk along the street, Korm. 228, Fms. vii. 39; at ísi, on the ice, Skálda 198, Fms. vii. 19, 246, viii. 168, Eb. 112 new Ed. (á is perh. wrong); máttu menn ganga bar yfir at skipum einum, of ships alone used as a bridge, Fas. i. 378; at höfðum, at nám, to trample on the slain on the battle-field, Lex. Poët.; at ám, along the rivers; at merkiósum, at the river’s mouth, Grág. ii. 355; at endilöngu baki, all along its back, Sks. 100.
    5. denoting hostility, to rush at, assault; renna at, hlaupa at, ganga, fara, ríða, sækja, at e-m, (v. those words), whence the nouns atrenna, athlaup, atgangr, atför, atreið, atsókn, etc.
    β. metaph., kom at þeim svefnhöfgi, deep sleep fell on them, Nj. 104. Esp. of weather, in the impers. phrase, hríð, veðr, vind, storm görir at e-m, to be overtaken by a snow storm, gale, or the like; görði þá at þeim þoku mikla, they were overtaken by a thick fog, Bárð. 171.
    6. denoting around, of clothing or the like; bregða skikkju at höfði sér, to wrap his cloak over his head, Ld. 62; vefja motri at höfði sér, to wrap a snood round her head, 188; sauma at, to stick, cling close, as though sewn on; sauma at höndum sér, of tight gloves, Bs. i. 453; kyrtill svá þröngr sem saumaðr væri at honum, as though it were stitched to him, Nj. 214; vafit at vándum dreglum, tight laced with sorry tags, id.; hosa strengd fast at beini, of tight hose, Eg. 602; hann sveipar at sér iðrunum ok skyrtunni, he gathers up the entrails close to him and the skirt too, Gísl. 71; laz at síðu, a lace on the side, to keep the clothes tight, Eg. 602.
    β. of burying; bera grjót at einum, to heap stones upon the body, Eg. 719; var gör at þeim dys or grjóti, Ld. 152; gora kistu at líki, to make a coffin for a body, Eb. 264, Landn. 56, Ld. 142.
    γ. of summoning troops or followers; stefna at sér mönnum, to summon men to him, Nj. 104; stefna at sér liði, Eg. 270; kippa mönnum at sér, to gather men in haste, Ld. 64.
    7. denoting a business, engagement; ríða at hrossum, at sauðum, to go looking after after horses, watching sheep, Glúm. 362, Nj. 75; fara at fé, to go to seek for sheep, Ld. 240; fara at heyi, to go a-haymaking, Dropl. 10; at veiðum, a-hunting; at fuglum, a-fowling; at dýrum, a-sbooting; at fiski, a-fishing; at veiðiskap, Landn. 154, Orkn. 416 (in a verse), Nj. 25; fara at landskuldum, to go a-collecling rents, Eg. 516; at Finnkaupum, a-marketing with Finns, 41; at féföngum, a-plundering, Fms. vii. 78; ganga at beina, to wait on guests, Nj. 50; starfa at matseld, to serve at table, Eb. 266; hitta e-n at nauðsynjum, on matters of business; at máli, to speak with one, etc., Fms. xi. 101; rekast at e-m, to pursue one, ix. 404; ganga at liði sér, to go suing for help, Grág. ii. 384.
    β. of festivals; snúa, fá at blóti, veizlu, brullaupi, to prepare for a sacrificial banquet, wedding, or the like, hence at-fangadagr, Eb. 6, Ld. 70; koma at hendi, to happen, befall; ganga at sínu, to come by one’s own, to take it, Ld. 208; Egill drakk hvert full er at honum kom, drained every horn that came to him, Eg. 210; komast at keyptu, to purchase dearly, Húv. 46.
    8. denoting imaginary motion, esp. of places, cp. Lat. spectare, vergere ad…, to look or lie towards; horfði botninn at höfðanum, the bight of the bay looked toward the headland, Fms. i. 340, Landn. 35; also, skeiðgata liggr at læknum, leads to the brook, Ísl. ii. 339; á þann arminn er vissi at sjánum, on that wing which looked toward the sea, Fms. viii. 115; sár þau er horft höfðu at Knúti konungi, xi. 309.
    β. even connected with verbs denoting motion; Gilsáreyrr gengr austan at Fljótinu, G. extends, projects to F. from the east, Hrafh. 25; hjá sundi því, er at gengr þingstöðinni, Fms. xi. 85.
    II. WITHOUT MOTION; denoting presence at, near, by, at the side of, in, upon; connected with verbs like sitja, standa, vera…; at kirkju, at church, Fms. vii. 251, K. f). K. 16, Ld. 328, Ísl. ii. 270, Sks. 36; vera at skála, at húsi, to be in, at home, Landn. 154; at landi, Fms. i. 82; at skipi, on shipboard, Grág. i. 209, 215; at oldri, at a banquet, inter pocula; at áti, at dinner, at a feast, inter edendum, ii. 169, 170; at samförum ok samvistum, at public meetings, id.; at dómi, in a court; standa (to take one’s stand) norðan, sunnan, austan, vestan at dómi, freq. in the proceedings at trials in lawsuits, Nj.; at þingi, present at the parliament, Grág. i. 142; at lögbergi, o n the hill of laws, 17, Nj.; at baki e-m, at the back of.
    2. denoting presence, partaking in; sitja at mat, to sit at meat, Fms. i. 241; vera at veizlu, brullaupi, to be at a banquet, nuptials, Nj. 51, Ld. 70: a law term, vera at vígi, to be an accessory in manslaying, Nj. 89, 100; vera at e-u simply means to be about, be busy in, Fms. iv. 237; standa at máli, to stand by one in a case, Grág. ii. 165, Nj. 214; vera at fóstri, to be fostered, Fms. i. 2; sitja at hégóma, to listen to nonsense, Ld. 322; vera at smíð, to be at one’s work, Þórð. 62: now absol., vera at, to go on with, be busy at.
    3. the law term vinna eið at e-u has a double meaning:
    α. vinna eið at bók, at baugi, to make an oath upon the book by laying the band upon it, Landn. 258, Grág., Nj.; cp. Vkv. 31, Gkv. 3. 3, Hkv. 2. 29, etc.: ‘við’ is now used in this sense.
    β. to confirm a fact (or the like) by an oath, to swear to, Grág. i. 9, 327.
    γ. the law phrase, nefna vátta at e-u, of summoning witnesses to a deed, fact, or the like; nefna vátta at benjum, to produce evidence, witnesses as to the wounds, Nj., Grág.; at görð, Eg. 738; at svörum, Grág. i. 19: this summoning of witnesses served in old lawsuits the same purpose as modern pleadings and depositions; every step in a suit to be lawful must be followed by such a summoning or declaration.
    4. used ellipt., vera at, to be about, to be busy at; kvalararnir er at vóru at pína hann, who were tormenting him; þar varstu at, you were there present, Skálda 162; at várum þar, Gísl. (in a verse): as a law term ‘vera at’ means to be guilty, Glúm. 388; vartattu at þar, Eg. (in a verse); hence the ambiguity of Glum’s oath, vask at þar, I was there present: var þar at kona nokkur ( was there busy) at binda sár manna, Fms. v. 91; hann var at ok smíðaði skot, Rd. 313; voru Varbelgir at ( about) at taka af, þau lög …, Fms. ix. 512; ek var at ok vafk, I was about weaving, xi. 49; þeir höfðu verit at þrjú sumur, they had been busy at it for three summers, x. 186 (now very freq.); koma at, come in, to arrive unexpectedly; Gunnarr kom at í því, G. came in at that moment; hvaðan komtú nú at, whence did you come? Nj. 68, Fms. iii. 200.
    5. denoting the kingdom or residence of a king or princely person; konungr at Danmörk ok Noregi, king of…, Fms. i. 119, xi. 281; konungr, jarl, at öllum Noregi, king, earl, over all N., íb. 3, 13, Landn. 25; konungr at Dyflinni, king of Dublin, 25; but í or yfir England!, Eg. 263: cp. the phrase, sitja at landi, to reside, of a king when at home, Hkr. i. 34; at Joini, Fms. xi. 74: used of a bishop; biskup at Hólum, bishop of Hólar, Íb. 18, 19; but biskup í Skálaholti, 19: at Rómi, at Rome, Fbr. 198.
    6. in denoting a man’s abode (vide p. 5, col. 1, l. 27), the prep. ‘at’ is used where the local name implies the notion of by the side of, and is therefore esp. applied to words denoting a river, brook, rock, mountain, grove, or the like, and in some other instances, by, at, e. g. at Hofi (a temple), Landn. 198; at Borg ( a castle), 57; at Helgafelli (a mountain), Eb. constantly so; at Mosfelli, Landn. 190; at Hálsi (a hill), Fms. xi. 22; at Bjargi, Grett. 90; Hálsum, Landn. 143; at Á ( river), 296, 268; at Bægisá, 212; Giljá, 332; Myrká, 211; Vatnsá, id.; þverá, Glúm. 323; at Fossi (a ‘force’ or waterfall), Landn. 73; at Lækjamoti (waters-meeting), 332; at Hlíðarenda ( end of the lithe or hill), at Bergþórshváli, Nj.; at Lundi (a grove), at Melum (sandhill), Landn. 70: the prep. ‘á’ is now used in most of these cases, e. g. á Á, á Hofi, Helgafelli, Felli, Hálsi, etc.
    β. particularly, and without any regard to etymology, used of the abode of kings or princes, to reside at; at Uppsölum, at Haugi, Alreksstöðum, at Hlöðum, Landn., Fms.
    γ. konungr lét kalla at stofudyrum, the king made a call at the hall door, Eg. 88; þeir kölluðu at herberginu, they called at the inn, Fms. ix. 475.
    7. used ellipt. with a gen., esp. if connected with such words as gista, to be a guest, lodge, dine, sup (of festivals or the like) at one’s home; at Marðar, Nj. 4; at hans, 74; þingfesti at þess bóanda, Grág. i. 152; at sín, at one’s own home, Eg. 371, K. Þ. K. 62; hafa náttstað at Freyju, at the abode of goddess Freyja, Eg. 603; at Ránar, at Ran’s, i. e. at Ran’s house, of drowned men who belong to the queen of the sea, Ran, Eb. 274; at hins heilaga Ólafs konungs, at St. Olave’s church, Fms. vi. 63: cp. ad Veneris, εις Κίμωνος.
    B. TEMP.
    I. at, denoting a point or period of time; at upphafi, at first, in the beginning, Ld. 104; at lyktum, at síðustu, at lokum, at last; at lesti, at last, Lex. Poët., more freq. á lesti; at skilnaði, at parting, at last, Band. 3; at fornu, in times of yore, formerly, Eg. 267, D. I. i. 635; at sinni, as yet, at present; at nýju, anew, of present time; at eilífu, for ever and ever; at skömmu, soon, shortly, Ísl. ii. 272, v. l.
    II. of the very moment when anything happens, the beginning of a term; denoting the seasons of the year, months, weeks, the hours of the day; at Jólum, at Yule, Nj. 46; at Pálmadegi, on Palm Sunday, 273; at Páskum, at Easter; at Ólafsvöku, on St. Olave’s eve, 29th of July, Fms.; at vetri, at the beginning of the winter, on the day when winter sets in, Grág. 1. 151; at sumarmálum, at vetrnáttum; at Tvímánaði, when the Double month (August) begins, Ld. 256, Grág. i. 152; at kveldi, at eventide, Eg. 3; at því meli, at that time; at eindaga, at the term, 395; at eykð, at 4 o’clock p. m., 198; at öndverðri æfi Abra hams, Ver. II; at sinni, now at once, Fms. vi. 71; at öðruhverju, every now and then.
    β. where the point of time is marked by some event; at þingi, at the meeting of parliament (18th to the 24th of June), Ld. 182; at féránsdómi, at the court of execution, Grág. i. 132, 133; at þinglausnum, at the close of the parliament (beginning of July), 140; at festarmálum, eðr at eiginorði, at betrothal or nuptials, 174; at skilnaði, when they parted, Nj. 106 (above); at öllum minnum, at the general drinking of the toasts, Eg. 253; at fjöru, at the ebb; at flæðum, at flood tide, Fms. viii. 306, Orkn. 428; at hrörum, at an inquest, Grág. i. 50 (cp. ii. 141, 389); at sökum, at prosecutions, 30; at sinni, now, as yet, v. that word.
    III. ellipt., or adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr,’ of the future time:
    1. ellipt., komanda or the like being understood, with reference to the seasons of the year; at sumri, at vetri, at hausti, at vári, next summer, winter…, Ísl. ii. 242; at miðju sumri, at ári, at Midsummer, next year, Fas. i. 516; at miðjum vetri, Fms. iv. 237,
    2. adding ‘komanda’ or ‘er kemr;’ at ári komanda, Bárð. 177; at vári er kemr, Dipl. iii. 6.
    IV. used with an absolute dat. and with a pres. part.:
    1. with pres. part.; at morni komanda, on the coming morrow, Fms. i. 263; at sér lifanda, in vivo, in his life time, Grág. ii. 202; at þeim sofundum, illis dormientibus, Hkr. i. 234; at öllum ásjándum, in the sight of all, Fms. x. 329; at úvitanda konungi, illo nesciente, without his knowledge, 227; at áheyranda höfðingjanum, in the chief’s bearing, 235.
    2. of past time with a past part. (Lat. abl. absol.); at hræjum fundnum, on the bodies being found, Grág. ii. 87; at háðum dómum ok föstu þingi, during the session, the courts being set, i. 484; at liðnum sex vikum, after six weeks past, Band. 13; at svá búnu, so goru, svá komnu, svá mæltu (Lat. quibus rebus gestis, dictis, quo facto, dicto, etc.), v. those words; at úreyndu, without trial, without put ting one to the test, Ld. 76; at honum önduðum, illo mortuo.
    3. ellipt. without ‘at;’ en þessum hlutum fram komnum, when all this has been done, Eb. 132.
    V. in some phrases with a slight temp, notion; at görðum gildum, the fences being strong, Gþl. 387; at vörmu spori, at once, whilst the trail is warm; at úvörum, unawares, suddenly, Nj. 95, Ld. 132; at þessu, at this cost, on that condition, Eb. 38, Nj. 55; at illum leiki, to have a narrow escape, now við illan leik, Fms. ix. 473; at því, that granted, Grág. ii. 33: at því, at pessu, thereafter, thereupon, Nj. 76.
    2. denoting succession, without interruption, one after another; hverr at öðrum, annarr maðr at öðrum, aðrir at öðrum; eina konu at annarri, Eg. 91, Fms. ii. 236, vi. 25, Bs. i. 22, 625. 80, H. E. i. 522.
    C. METAPH. and in various cases:
    I. denoting a transformation or change into, to, with the notion of destruction; brenna at ösku, at köldum kolum, to burn to ashes, to be quite destroyed, Fms. i. 105, Edda 3, Sturl. ii. 51: with the notion of transformation or transfiguration, in such phrases as, verða at e-u, göra e-t at e-u, to turn it into:
    α. by a spell; verða at ormi, to become a snake, Fms. xi. 158; at flugdrekum, Gullþ. 7; urðu þau bönd at járni, Edda 40.
    β. by a natural process it can often be translated by an acc. or by as; göra e-n at urðarmanni, to make him an outlaw, Eg. 728; græða e-n at orkumlamanni, to heal him so as to maim him for life, of bad treatment by a leech, Eb. 244: in the law terms, sár görist at ben, a wound turning into a ben, proving to be mortal, Grág., Nj.; verða at ljúgvætti, to prove to be a false evidence, Grág. i. 44; verða at sætt, to turn into reconciliation, Fms. i. 13; göra e-t at reiði málum, to take offence at, Fs. 20; at nýjum tíðindum, to tell as news, Nj. 14; verða fátt at orðum, to be sparing of words, 18; kveðr (svá) at orði, to speak, utter, 10; verða at þrifnaði, to geton well, Fms. vii. 196: at liði, at skaða, to be a help or hurt to one; at bana, to cause one’s death, Nj. 223, Eg. 21, Grág. ii. 29: at undrum, at hlátri, to become a wonder, a laughing-stock, 623. 35, Eg. 553.
    II. denoting capacity, where it may be translated merely by as or for; gefa at Jólagjöf, to give for a Christmas-box, Eg. 516; at gjöf, for a present; at erfð, at láni, launum, as an inheritance, a loan; at kaupum ok sökum, for buying and selling, Ísl. ii. 223, Grág. i. 423; at solum, ii. 204; at herfangi, as spoil or plunder; at sakbótum, at niðgjöldum, as a compensation, weregeld, i. 339, ii. 171, Hkr. ii. 168; taka at gíslingu, to take as an hostage, Edda 15; eiga e-n at vin, at óvin, to have one as friend or foe, illt er at eiga þræl at eingavin, ‘tis ill to have a thrall for one’s bosom friend (a proverb), Nj. 77; fæða, eiga, at sonum (syni), to beget a son, Edda 8, Bs. i. 60 (but eiga at dóttur cannot be said); hafa möttul at yfirhöfn, Fms. vii. 201; verða nökkut at manni (mönnum), to turn out to be a worthy man; verða ekki at manni, to turn out a worthless person, xi. 79, 268.
    2. in such phrases as, verða at orðum, to come towards, Nj. 26; var þat at erindum, Eg. 148; hafa at veizlum, to draw veizlur ( dues) from, Fms. iv. 275, Eg. 647; gora e-t at álitum, to take it into consideration, Nj. 3.
    III. denoting belonging to, fitting, of parts of the whole or the like; vóru at honum (viz. the sword) hjölt gullbúin, the sword was ornamented with a hilt of gold, Ld. 330; umgörð at ( belonging to) sverði, Fs. 97 (Hs.) in a verse; en ef mór er eigi at landinu, if there be no turf moor belonging to the land, Grág. ii. 338; svá at eigi brotnaði nokkuð at Orminum, so that no harm happened to the ship Worm, Fms. x. 356; hvatki er meiðir at skipinu eðr at reiðinu eðr at viðum, damage done t o …, Grág. ii. 403; lesta ( to injure) hús at lásum, við eðr torfi, 110; ef land hefir batnað at húsum, if the land has been bettered as to its buildings, 210; cp. the phrase, göra at e-u, to repair: hamlaðr at höndum eðr fótum, maimed as to hands or feet, Eg. 14; heill at höndum en hrumr at fótum, sound in band, palsied in foot, Fms. vii. 12; lykill at skrá, a key belonging, fitting, to the latch; hurð at húsi; a key ‘gengr at’ ( fits) skrá; and many other phrases. 2. denoting the part by which a thing is held or to which it belongs, by; fá, taka at…, to grasp by …; þú tókt við sverði hans at hjöltunum, you took it by the bill, Fms. i. 15; draga út björninn at hlustum, to pull out the bear by the ears, Fas. ii. 237; at fótum, by the feet, Fms. viii. 363; mæla ( to measure) at hrygg ok at jaðri, by the edge or middle of the stuff, Grág. i. 498; kasta e-m at höfði, head foremost, Nj. 84; kjósa e-n at fótum, by the feet alone, Edda 46; hefja frændsemi at bræðrum, eða at systkynum, to reckon kinship by the brother’s or the sister’s side, Grág. i. 28; kjósa at afli, at álitum, by strength, sight, Gs. 8, belongs rather to the following.
    IV. in respect of, as regards, in regard to, as to; auðigr at fé, wealthy of goods, Nj. 16, 30, 51; beztir hestar at reið, the best racehorses, 186; spekingr at viti, a man of great intellect, Ld. 124; vænn (fagr) at áliti, fair of face, Nj. 30, Bs. i. 61; kvenna vænst at ásjónu ok vits munum, of surpassing beauty and intellect, Ld. 122; fullkominn at hyggju, 18; um fram aðra menn at vinsældum ok harðfengi, of surpassing popularity and hardihood, Eb. 30.
    2. a law term, of challenging jurors, judges, or the like, on account of, by reason of; ryðja ( to challenge) at mægðum, guðsifjum, frændsemi, hrörum …; at leiðarlengd, on account of distance, Grág. i. 30, 50, Nj. (freq.)
    3. in arithm. denoting proportion; at helmingi, þriðjungi, fjórðungi, tíunda hluta, cp. Lat. ex asse, quadrante, for the half, third… part; máttr skal at magni (a proverb), might and main go together, Hkr. ii. 236; þú munt vera at því mikill fræðimaðr á kvæði, in the same proportion, as great, Fms. vi. 391, iii. 41; at e-s hluta, at… leiti, for one’s part, in turn, as far as one is con cerned, Grág. i. 322, Eg. 309, Fms. iii. 26 (freq.): at öðrum kosti, in the other case, otherwise (freq.) More gener., at öllu, öngu, in all (no) respects; at sumu, einhverju, nokkru, partly; at flestu, mestu, chiefly.
    4. as a paraphrase of a genitive; faðir, móðir at barni (= barns); aðili at sök (= sakar a.); morðingi at barni (= barns), faðerni at barni (barns); illvirki at fé manna (cp. Lat. felo de se), niðrfall at sökum (saka), land gangr at fiskum (fiska), Fms. iv. 274, Grág. i. 277, 416, N. G. L. i. 340, K. Þ. K. 112, Nj. 21.
    5. the phrase ‘at sér,’ of himself or in himself, either ellipt. or by adding the participle görr, and with the adverbs vel, ilia, or the like; denoting breeding, bearing, endowments, character …; væn kona, kurteis ok vel at sér, an accomplished, well-bred, gifted lady, Nj. I; vitr maðr ok vel at sér, a wise man and thoroughly good in feeling and bearing, 5; þú ert maðr vaskr ok vel at þér, 49; gerr at sér, accomplished, 51; bezt at sér görr, the finest, best bred man, 39, Ld. 124; en þó er hann svá vel at sér, so generous, Nj. 77; þeir höfðingjar er svá vóru vel at sér, so noble-minded, 198, Fms. i. 160: the phrase ‘at sér’ is now only used of knowledge, thus maðr vel að sér means clever, a man of great knowledge; illa að sér, a blockhead.
    6. denoting relations to colour, size, value, age, and the like; hvitr, svartr, grár, rauðr … at lit, white, swarthy, gray, red … of colour, Bjarn. 55, 28, Ísl. ii. 213, etc.; mikill, lítill, at stærð, vexti, tall, small of size, etc.; ungr, gamall, barn, at aldri, young, old, a child of age; tvítugr, þrítugr … at aldri, twenty, thirty … years of age (freq.): of animals; kyr at fyrsta, öðrum … kálfi, a cow having calved once, twice…, Jb. 346: value, amount, currency of money, kaupa e-t at mörk, at a mark, N. G. L. 1. 352; ok er eyririnn at mörk, amounts to a mark, of the value of money, Grág. i. 392; verðr þá at hálfri murk vaðmála eyrir, amounts to a half a mark, 500.
    β. metaph. of value, connected with verbs denoting to esteem, hold; meta, hafa, halda at miklu, litlu, vettugi, engu, or the like, to hold in high or low esteem, to care or not to care for (freq.): geta e-s at góðu, illu, öngu, to mention one favourably, unfavourably, indifferently … (freq.), prop. in connection with. In many cases it may be translated by in; ekki er mark at draumum, there is no meaning in dreams, no heed is to be paid to dreams, Sturl. ii. 217; bragð er at þá barnið finnr, it goes too far, when even a child takes offence (a proverb): hvat er at því, what does it mean? Nj. 11; hvert þat skip er vöxtr er at, any ship of mark, i. e. however small, Fms. xi. 20.
    V. denoting the source of a thing:
    1. source of infor mation, to learn, perceive, get information from; Ari nam ok marga fræði at Þuríði, learnt as her pupil, at her hands, as St. Paul at the feet of Gamaliel, (just as the Scotch say to speer or ask at a person); Ari nam at Þorgeiri afraðskoll, Hkr. (pref.); nema kunnáttu at e-m, used of a pupil, Fms. i. 8; nema fræði at e-m, xi. 396.
    2. of receiving, acquiring, buying, from; þiggja e-t at e-m, to receive a thing at his hands, Nj. 51; líf, to be pardoned, Fms. x. 173; kaupa land at e-m, to buy it from, Landn. 72, Íb. II, (now af is more freq. in this sense); geta e-t at e-m, to obtain, procure at one’s hands, impetrare; þeirra manna er þeir megu þat geta at, who are willing to do that, Grág. i. I; heimta e-t at e-m (now af), to call in, demand (a debt, money), 279; fala e-t at e-m (now af), to chaffer for or cheapen anything, Nj. 73; sækja e-t at e-m, to ask, seek for; sækja heilræði ok traust at e-m, 98; leiga e-t at e-m (now af), to borrow, Grág. ii. 334; eiga e-t (fé, skuld) at e-m, to be owed money by any one, i. 399: metaph. to deserve of one, Nj. 113; eiga mikit at e-m, to have much to do with, 138; hafa veg, virðing, styrk, at, to derive honour, power from, Fms. vi. 71, Eg. 44, Bárð. 174; gagn, to be of use, Ld. 216; mein, tálma, mischief, disadvantage, 158, 216, cp. Eg. 546; ótta, awe, Nj. 68.
    VI. denoting conformity, according to, Lat. secundum, ex, after; at fornum sið, Fms. i. 112; at sögn Ara prests, as Ari relates, on his authority, 55; at ráði allra vitrustu manna, at the advice of, Ísl. ii. 259, Ld. 62; at lögum, at landslögum, by the law of the land, Grág., Nj.; at líkindum, in all likelihood, Ld. 272; at sköpum, in due course (poet.); at hinum sama hætti, in the very same manner, Grág. i. 90; at vánum, as was to be expected, Nj. 255; at leyfi e-s, by one’s leave, Eg. 35; úlofi, Grág. ii. 215; at ósk, vilja e-s, as one likes…; at mun, id. (poet.); at sólu, happily (following the course of the sun), Bs. i. 70, 137; at því sem …, as to infer from …, Nj. 124: ‘fara, láta, ganga at’ denotes to yield, agree to, to comply with, give in, Ld. 168, Eg. 18, Fms. x. 368.
    VII. in phrases nearly or quite adverbial; gróa, vera græddr, at heilu, to be quite healed, Bárð. 167, Eb. 148; bíta at snöggu, to bite it bare, Fms. xi. 6; at þurru, till it becomes dry, Eb. 276; at endilöngu, all along, Fas. ii; vinnast at litlu, to avail little, 655 x. 14; at fullu, fully, Nj. 257, Hkr. i. 171; at vísu, of a surety, surely, Ld. 40; at frjálsu, freely, 308; at líku, at sömu, equally, all the same, Hom. 80, Nj. 267; at röngu, wrongly, 686 B. 2; at hófi, temperately, Lex. Poët.; at mun, at ráði, at marki, to a great extent; at hringum, utterly, all round, (rare), Fms. x. 389; at einu, yet, Orkn. 358; svá at einu, því at einu, allt at einu, yet, however, nevertheless.
    VIII. connected with comparatives of adverbs and adjectives, and strengthening the sense, as in Engl. ‘the,’ so much the more, all the more; ‘at’ heldr tveimr, at ek munda gjarna veita yðr öllum, where it may be translated by so much the more to two, as I would willingly grant it to all of you; hon grét at meir, she grat (wept) the more, Eg. 483; þykir oss at líkara, all the more likely, Fms. viii. 6; þess at harðari, all the harder, Sturl. iii. 202 C; svá at hinn sé bana at nær, Grág. ii. 117; at auðnara, at hólpnara, the more happy, Al. 19, Grett. 116 B; þess at meiri, Fms. v. 64; auvirðismaðr at meiri, Sturl. ii. 139; maðr at vaskari, id.; at feigri, any the more fey, Km. 22; maðr at verri, all the worse, Nj. 168; ok er ‘at’ firr…, at ek vil miklu heldr, cp. Lat. tantum abest… ut, Eg. 60.
    β. following after a negation; eigi at síðr, no less, Nj. 160, Ld. 146; eigi… at meiri maðr, any better, Eg. 425, 489; erat héra at borgnara, any the better off for that, Fms. vii. 116; eigi at minni, no less for that, Edda (pref.) 146; eigi at minna, Ld. 216, Fms. ix. 50; ekki at verri drengr, not a bit worse for that, Ld. 42; er mér ekki son minn at bættari, þótt…, 216; at eigi vissi at nær, any more, Fas. iii. 74.
    IX. following many words:
    1. verbs, esp. those denoting, a. to ask, enquire, attend, seek, e. g. spyrja at, to speer (ask) for; leita at, to seek for; gæta, geyma at, to pay attention to; huga, hyggja at; hence atspurn, to enquire, aðgæzla, athugi, attention, etc.
    β. verbs denoting laughter, play, joy, game, cp. the Engl. to play at …, to laugh at …; hlæja, brosa at e-u, to laugh, smile at it; leika (sér) at e-u, to play at; þykja gaman at, to enjoy; hæða, göra gys at …, to make sport at …
    γ. verbs denoting assistance, help; standa, veita, vinna, hjálpa at; hence atstoð, atvinna, atverk:—mode, proceeding; fara at, to proceed, hence atför and atferli:—compliance; láta, fara at e-u, v. above:— fault; e-t er at e-u, there is some fault in it, Fms. x. 418; skorta at e-u, to fall short of, xi. 98:—care, attendance; hjúkra at, hlýja at, v. these words:—gathering, collecting; draga, reiða, flytja, fá at, congerere:—engagement, arrival, etc.; sækja at, to attack; ganga at, vera at, to be about; koma at, ellipt. to arrive: göra at, to repair: lesta at, to impair (v. above); finna at, to criticise (mod.); telja at, id.: bera at, to happen; kveða at e-m, to address one, 625. 15, (kveða at (ellipt.) now means to pronounce, and of a child to utter (read) whole syllables); falla at, of the flood-tide (ellipt.): metaph. of pains or straits surrounding one; þreyngja, herða at, to press hard: of frost and cold, with regard to the seasons; frjósa at, kólna at, to get really cold (SI. 44), as it were from the cold stiffening all things: also of the seasons themselves; hausta, vetra að, when the season really sets in; esp. the cold seasons, ‘sumra at’ cannot be used, yet we may say ‘vára að’ when the spring sets in, and the air gets mild.
    δ. in numberless other cases which may partly be seen below.
    2. connected ellipt. with adverbs denoting motion from a place; norðan, austan, sunnan, vestan at, those from the north, east…; utan at, innan at, from the outside or inside.
    3. with adjectives (but rarely), e. g. kærr, elskr, virkr (affectionate), vandr (zealous), at e-m; v. these words.
    WITH ACC.
    TEMP.: Lat. post, after, upon, esp. freq. in poetry, but rare in prose writers, who use eptir; nema reisi niðr at nið (= maðr eptir mann), in succession, of erecting a monument, Hm. 71; in prose, at þat. posthac, deinde, Fms. x. 323, cp. Rm., where it occurs several times, 2, 6, 9, 14, 18, 24, 28, 30, 35; sonr á at taka arf at föður sinn, has to take the inheritance after his father, Grág. i. 170 new Ed.; eiga féránsdóm at e-n, Grág. i. 89; at Gamla fallinn, after the death of G., Fms. x. 382; in Edda (Gl.) 113 ought to be restored, grét ok at Oð, gulli Freyja, she grat (wept) tears of gold for her lost husband Od. It is doubtful if it is ever used in a purely loc. sense; at land, Grág. (Sb.)ii. 211, is probably corrupt; at hönd = á hönd, Grág. (Sb.) i. 135; at mót = at móti, v. this word.
    ☞ In compounds (v. below) at- or að- answers in turn to Lat. ad- or in- or con-; atdráttr e. g. denotes collecting; atkoma is adventus: it may also answer to Lat. ob-, in atburðr = accidence, but might also be compared with Lat. occurrere.
    2.
    and að, the mark of the infinitive [cp. Goth. du; A. S. and Engl. to; Germ. zu]. Except in the case of a few verbs ‘at’ is always placed immediately before the infinitive, so as to be almost an inseparable part of the verb.
    I. it is used either,
    1. as, a simple mark of the infinitive, only denoting an action and independent of the subject, e. g. at ganga, at hlaupa, at vita, to go, to run, to know; or,
    2. in an objective sense when following such verbs as bjóða segja…, to invite, command …; hann bauð þeim at ganga, at sitja, be bade, ordered them to go, sit, or the like; or as gefa and fá; gefa e-m at drekka, at eta, to give one to drink or to eat, etc. etc.
    β. with the additional notion of intention, esp. when following verba cogitandi; hann ætlaði, hafði í hyggju at fara, he had it in his mind to go (where ‘to go’ is the real object to ætlaði and hafði í hyggju).
    3. answering to the Gr. ινα, denoting intention, design, in order to; hann gékk í borg at kaupa silfr, in order to buy, Nj. 280; hann sendi riddara sína með þeim at varðveita þær, 623. 45: in order to make the phrase more plain, ‘svá’ and ‘til’ are frequently added, esp. in mod. writers, ‘svá at’ and contr. ‘svát’ (the last however is rare), ‘til at’ and ‘til þess at,’ etc.
    II. in the earlier times the infin., as in Greek and Lat., had no such mark; and some verbs remain that cannot be followed by ‘at;’ these verbs are almost the same in Icel. as in Engl.:
    α. the auxiliary verbs vil, mun ( μέλλω), skal; as in Engl. to is never used after the auxiliaries shall, will, must; ek vil ganga, I will go; ek mun fara, (as in North. E.) I mun go; ek skal göra þat, I shall do that, etc.
    β. the verbs kunna, mega, as in Engl. I can or may do, I dare say; svá hygginn at hann kunni fyrir sökum ráða, Grág. ii. 75; í öllu er prýða má góðan höfðingja, Nj. 90; vera má, it may be; vera kann þat, id.: kunnu, however, takes ‘at’ whenever it means to know, and esp. in common language in phrases such as, það kann að vera, but vera kann þat, v. above.
    γ. lata, biðja, as in Engl. to let, to bid; hann lét (bað) þá fara, he let (bade) them go.
    δ. þykkja, þykjast, to seem; hann þykir vera, he is thought to be: reflex., hann þykist vera, sibi videtur: impers., mér þykir vera, mibi videtur, in all cases without ‘at.’ So also freq. the verbs hugsa, hyggja, ætla, halda, to think, when denoting merely the act of thinking; but if there be any notion of intention or purpose, they assume the ‘at;’ thus hann ætlaði, hugði, þá vera góða menn, he thought them to be, acc. c. inf.; but ætlaði at fara, meant to go, etc.
    ε. the verbs denoting to see, bear; sjá, líta, horfa á … ( videre); heyra, audire, as in Engl. I saw them come, I heard him tell, ek sá þá koma, ek heyrði hann tala.
    ζ. sometimes after the verbs eiga and ganga; hann gékk steikja, be went to roast, Vkv. 9; eiga, esp. when a mere periphrasis instead of skal, móður sína á maðr fyrst fram færa (better at færa), Grág. i. 232; á þann kvið einskis meta, 59; but at meta, id. l. 24; ráða, nema, göra …, freq. in poetry, when they are used as simple auxiliary verbs, e. g. nam hann sér Högna hvetja at rúnum, Skv. 3. 43.
    η. hljóta and verða, when used in the sense of must (as in Engl. he must go), and when placed after the infin.of another verb; hér muntu vera hljóta, Nj. 129; but hljóta at vera: fara hlýtr þú, Fms. 1. 159; but þú hlýtr at fara: verða vita, ii. 146; but verða at vita: hann man verða sækja, þó verðr (= skal) maðr eptir mann lifa, Fms. viii. 19, Fas. ii. 552, are exceptional cases.
    θ. in poetry, verbs with the verbal neg. suffix ‘-at,’ freq. for the case of euphony, take no mark of the infinitive, where it would be indispensable with the simple verb, vide Lex. Poët. Exceptional cases; hvárt sem hann vill ‘at’ verja þá sök, eða, whatever he chooses, either, Grág. i. 64; fyrr viljum vér enga kórónu at bera, en nokkut ófrelsi á oss at taka, we would rather bear no crown than …, Fms. x. 12; the context is peculiar, and the ‘at’ purposely added. It may be left out ellipt.; e. g. þá er guð gefr oss finnast (= at finnast), Dipl. ii. 14; gef honum drekka (= at drekka), Pr. 470; but mostly in unclassical writers, in deeds, or the like, written nastily and in an abrupt style.
    3.
    and að, conj. [Goth. þatei = οτι; A. S. þät; Engl. that; Germ, dass; the Ormul. and Scot. at, see the quotations sub voce in Jamieson; in all South-Teutonic idioms with an initial dental: the Scandinavian idioms form an exception, having all dropped this consonant; Swed. åt, Dan. at]. In Icel. the Bible translation (of the 16th century) was chiefly based upon that of Luther; the hymns and the great bulk of theol. translations of that time were also derived from Germany; therefore the germanised form það frequently appears in the Bible, and was often employed by theol. authors in sermons since the time of the Reformation. Jón Vidalin, the greatest modern Icel. preacher, who died in 1720, in spite of his thoroughly classical style, abounds in the use of this form; but it never took root in the language, and has never passed into the spoken dialect. After a relative or demonstr. pronoun, it freq. in mod. writers assumes the form eð, hver eð, hverir eð, hvað eð, þar eð. Before the prep. þú (tu), þ changes into t, and is spelt in a single word attú, which is freq. in some MS.;—now, however, pronounced aððú, aððeir, aððið …, = að þú…, with the soft Engl. th sound. It gener. answers to Lat. ut, or to the relat. pron. qui.
    I. that, relative to svá, to denote proportion, degree, so…, that, Lat. tam, tantus, tot…, ut; svá mikill lagamaðr, at…, so great a lawyer, that…, Nj. 1; hárið svá mikit, at þat…, 2; svá kom um síðir því máli, at Sigvaldi, it came so far, that…, Fms. xi. 95, Edda 33. Rarely and unclass., ellipt. without svá; Bæringr var til seinn eptir honum, at hann … (= svá at), Bær. 15; hlífði honum, at hann sakaði ekki, Fas. iii. 441.
    II. it is used,
    1. with indic, in a narrative sense, answering partly to Gr. οτι, Lat. quod, ut, in such phrases as, it came to pass, happened that …; þat var einhverju sinni, at Höskuldr hafði vinaboð, Nj. 2; þat var á palmdrottinsdag, at Ólafr konungr gékk út um stræti, Fms. ii. 244.
    2. with subj. answering to Lat. acc. with infin., to mark the relation of an object to the chief verb, e. g. vilda ek at þú réðist, I wished that you would, Nj. 57.
    β. or in an oblique sentence, answering to ita ut…; ef svá kann verða at þeir láti…, if it may be so that they might…, Fms. xi. 94.
    γ. with a subj. denoting design, answering to ϊνα or Lat. ut with subj., in order that; at öll veraldar bygðin viti, ut sciat totus orbis, Stj.; þeir skáru fyrir þá melinn, at þeir dæi eigi af sulti, ut ne fame perirent, Nj. 265; fyrsti hlutr bókarinnar er Kristindómsbálkr, at menn skili, in order that men may understand, Gþl. p. viii.
    III. used in connection with conjunctions,
    1. esp. þó, því, svá; þó at freq. contr. þótt; svát is rare and obsolete.
    α. þóat, þótt (North. E. ‘thof’), followed by a subjunctive, though, although, Lat. etsi, quamquam (very freq.); þóat nokkurum mönnum sýnist þetta með freku sett… þá viljum vér, Fms. vi. 21: phrases as, gef þú mér þó at úverðugri, etsi indignae (dat.), Stj. MS. col. 315, are unclass., and influenced by the Latin: sometimes ellipt. without ‘þó,’ eigi mundi hón þá meir hvata göngu sinni, at (= þóat) hon hraeddist bana sinn, Edda 7, Nj. 64: ‘þó’ and ‘at’ separated, svarar hann þó rétt, at hann svari svá, Grág. i. 23; þó er rétt at nýta, at hann sé fyrr skorinn, answering to Engl. yetthough, Lat. attamenetsi, K. Þ. K.
    β. því at, because, Lat. nam, quia, with indic.; því at allir vóru gerfiligir synir hans, Ld. 68; því at af íþróttum verðr maðr fróðr, Sks. 16: separated, því þegi ek, at ek undrumst, Fms. iii. 201; því er þessa getið, at þat þótti, it i s mentioned because …, Ld. 68.
    γ. svá at, so that, Lat. ut, ita ut; grátrinn kom upp, svá at eingi mátti öðrum segja, Edda 37: separated, so … that, svá úsvúst at …, so bad weather, that, Bs. i. 339, etc.
    2. it is freq. used superfluously, esp. after relatives; hver at = hverr, quis; því at = því, igitur; hverr at þekkr ok þægiligr mun verða, Fms. v. 159; hvern stvrk at hann mundi fá, 44; ek undrumst hvé mikil ógnarraust at liggr í þér, iii. 201; því at ek mátti eigi þar vera elligar, því at þar var kristni vel haldin, Fas. i. 340.
    IV. as a relat. conj.:
    1. temp, when, Lat. quum; jafnan er ( est) mér þá verra er ( quum) ek fer á braut þaðan, en þá at ( quum) ek kem, Grett. 150 A; þar til at vér vitum, till we know, Fms. v. 52; þá at ek lýsta (= þá er), when, Nj. 233.
    2. since, because; ek færi yðr (hann), at þér eruð í einum hrepp allir, because of your being all of the same Rape, Grág. i. 260; eigi er kynlegt at ( though) Skarphéðinn sé hraustr, at þat er mælt at…, because (since) it is a saying that…, Nj. 64.
    V. in mod. writers it is also freq. superfluously joined to the conjunctions, ef að = ef, si, (Lv. 45 is from a paper MS.), meðan að = meðan, dum; nema að, nisi; fyrst að = fyrst, quoniam; eptir að, síðan að, postquam; hvárt að = hvárt, Lat. an. In the law we find passages such as, þá er um er dæmt eina sök, at þá eigu þeir aptr at ganga í dóminn, Grág. i. 79; ef þing ber á hina helgu viku, at þat á eigi fyrir þeim málum at standa, 106; þat er ok, at þeir skulu reifa mál manna, 64; at þeir skulu með váttorð þá sök sækja, 65: in all these cases ‘at’ is either superfluous or, which is more likely, of an ellipt. nature, ‘the law decrees’ or ‘it is decreed’ being understood. The passages Sks. 551, 552, 568, 718 B, at lokit (= at ek hefi lokit), at hugleitt (= at ek hefi h.), at sent (= at ek hefi sent) are quite exceptional.
    4.
    and að, an indecl. relat. pronoun [Ulf. þatei = ος, ος αν, οστις, οσπερ, οιος, etc.; Engl. that, Ormul. at], with the initial letter dropped, as in the conj. at, (cp. also the Old Engl. at, which is both a conj. and a pronoun, e. g. Barbour vi. 24 in Jamieson: ‘I drede that his gret wassalage, | And his travail may bring till end, | That at men quhilc full litil wend.’ | ‘His mestyr speryt quhat tithings a t he saw.’—Wyntoun v. 3. 89.) In Icel. ‘er’ (the relat. pronoun) and ‘at’ are used indifferently, so that where one MS. reads ‘er,’ another reads ‘at,’ and vice versâ; this may easily be seen by looking at the MSS.; yet as a rule ‘er’ is much more freq. used. In mod. writers ‘at’ is freq. turned into ‘eð,’ esp. as a superfluous particle after the relative pron. hverr (hver eð, hvað eð, hverir eð, etc.), or the demonstr. sá (sá eð, þeir eð, hinir eð, etc.):—who, which, that, enn bezta grip at ( which) hafði til Íslands komið, Ld. 202; en engi mun sá at ( cui) minnisamara mun vera, 242; sem blótnaut at ( quae) stærst verða, Fms. iii. 214; þau tiðendi, at mér þætti verri, Nj. 64, etc. etc.
    5.
    n. collision (poët.); odda at, crossing of spears, crash of spears, Höfuðl. 8.
    β. a fight or bait of wild animals, esp. of horses, v. hesta-at and etja.
    6.
    the negative verbal suffix, v. -a.

    Íslensk-ensk orðabók > AT

  • 14 see

    ̈ɪsi: I гл.
    1) видеть;
    смотреть, глядеть;
    наблюдать see visions Syn: look, notice, observe, watch, witness, meet Ant: disregard, ignore, miss, neglect, overlook
    2) осматривать see the sights Syn: inspect
    3) понимать, знать;
    сознавать Syn: regard
    4) подумать, поразмыслить It is necessary to see see what could be done ≈ Необходимо подумать, что следует предпринять.
    5) вообразить, представить себе I can clearly see him doing it. ≈ Я ясно себе представляю, как он это делает.
    6) считать, придерживаться определенного взгляда;
    считать, полагать, думать to see good (или fit, proper, right и т. п.) ≈ счесть нужным (сделать что-л.)
    7) а) повидать(ся) ;
    навестить We went to see her. ≈ Мы пошли к ней в гости. When will you come and see us? ≈ Когда вы придете к нам? б) видеться, видаться, встречаться We have not seen each other for ages. ≈ Мы давно не виделись. You ought to see more of him. ≈ Вам следует чаще с ним встречаться. see you later/again/soon ≈ до скорой встречи
    8) выяснять( что-л. у кого-л.), советоваться( о чем-л.), узнавать Which nurse do I see about my sick daughter? ≈ С какой сиделкой мне следует поговорить о моей больной дочери?
    9) принимать( посетителя) I am seeing no one today. ≈ Я сегодня никого не принимаю.
    10) провожать
    11) позаботиться( о чем-л.) ;
    посмотреть( за чем-л.)
    12) испытать, пережить ∙ see about see across see after see against see ahead see around see beyond see fit see into see off see out see over see through see to see up I'll see you damned/blowed first разг. ≈ как бы не так!, держи карман шире!, и не подумаю! see here! see eye to eye see the back see scarlet see the red light see service II сущ.
    1) епархия Syn: diocese, bishopric
    2) престол( епископа и т. п.) Holy See( церковное) епархия (церковное) престол (церковное) чин епископа (церковное) папство > the Holy S., the S. of Rome папский престол видеть - to * well видеть хорошо - cats * well at night кошки хорошо видят ночью /в темноте/ - he can't * он не видит, он слепой - I can't * as far as that я на таком далеком расстоянии не вижу - to * nothing ничего не видеть - I looked but saw nothing я посмотрел, но ничего не увидел смотреть, видеть - to * a play смотреть пьесу - I saw this film last year я видел этот фильм в прошлом году - I saw an interesting story the other day на днях мне попался на глаза интересный рассказ - have you seen today's paper? вы видели сегодняшнюю газету? - did you * about her death in the paper? вы читали извещение о ее смерти в газетах? - let me * that letter покажите мне это письмо, разрешите взглянуть на это письмо - to * smth. with one's own eyes видеть что-л. собственными глазами - all this took place in the street, where all could * все это произошло на улице на глазах у всех - he is not fit to be seen он в таком виде, что не может показаться на людях - what sort of man is he to *? какой он на вид? - *, here he comes! смотри /видишь/, вот он идет! справляться, смотреть - * page four смотри страницу 4 - * (as) above смотри выше - * also смотри также( частная ссылка) представлять себе - I can't * you old не могу представить себе вас старым - to * everything black видеть все в черном свете - to * things wrong неправильно судить о чем-л. - to * things as they are правильно смотреть на вещи - I don't * it in this light я смотрю на это иначе - as I * it как мне это представляется /кажется/ находить, обнаруживать - I can * no faults in him я не вижу /не нахожу/ в нем никаких недостатков - I * no alternative /no way out/ я не вижу иного пути /выхода/ - I don't know what you can * in her я не знаю, что вы в ней находите - to * oneself in one's children узнавать себя в своих детях понимать, сознавать - to * a joke понимать шутку - he can't * a joke он не понимает шуток, у него нет чувства юмора - I * what you mean я понимаю, что ты имеешь в виду /что ты хочешь сказать/ - I * what you are driving at я понимаю, к чему вы клоните - I * it to be a fraud я считаю это мошенничеством - now do you *? теперь вам понятно? - that is easy to * это легко /нетрудно/ понять - don't /can't/ you * I'm tired? ты не понимаешь, что я устал? - I * no reason why we should despair не вижу причины для отчаяния - it's like this, you * видите ли, дело обстоит так - I * that you have changed your mind я вижу, что вы передумали - this is how I * it вот как я на это смотрю - * what you've done! посмотри, что ты наделал! - * what courage can do! вот что значит мужество! - to * for oneself убедиться( в чем-л.) самому - go and * for yourself if you don't belive me если вы мне не верите, пойдите убедитесь сами - I can't * the good of it! к чему это? - not to * the use of doing smth. сомневаться в целесообразности чего-л. - I don't * the good of getting angry не стоит сердиться - I don't * the use of crying бесполезно плакать;
    напрасно (вы) плачете испытывать, переживать( что-л.) ;
    сталкиваться( с чем-л.) - he has seen a good deal in his (long) life он немало повидал /испытал/ на своем веку - I never saw such rudeness я никогда не сталкивался с такой грубостью - I have seen war at close quarters я на себе испытал, что такое война - he first saw fire at Berlin он получил боевое крещение под Берлином - to have seen better days знавать лучшие времена;
    обеднеть;
    поизноситься, поистрепаться, потерять свежесть( о вещи) - this coat of mine has seen hard wear мое пальто порядком поизносилось - the nineteenth century saw the rise of our literature девятнадцатый век был свидетелем расцвета нашей литературы - this place has seen many changes здесь произошло много перемен видеться, встречаться - he *s a great deal of the Smiths он часто бывает у Смитов - he is much seen in society он много бывает в обществе - we * less of him in winter зимой мы его реже видим - I haven't seen you for /in/ ages я вас не видел целую вечность - when shall I * you again? когда мы опять встретимся? - * you on Thursday! до четверга! - I shall * you again soon, (американизм) I'll be *ing you до скорой встречи узнавать;
    выяснять - * who it is посмотри /узнай/, как это - * if the postman has come посмотрите /узнайте/, не пришел ли почтальон - I don't know but I'll * я не знаю, но я пойду и выясню - * if you can get an evening paper пойди узнай, нельзя ли достать вечернюю газету - I * in the papers that... из газет я узнал /в газетах пишут/, что... обдумывать - I'll * what can be done я подумаю /посмотрю/, что можно сделать - * what you can do подумайте, что можно сделать - will you come to dinner tomorrow? - Well, I'll * вы придете завтра обедать? - Я подумаю /Может быть, там видно будет/ - well, we'll * посмотрим, подумаем, там видно будет - that remains to be seen, we shall * (это) еще неизвестно, время покажет - let me * постойте, подождите, дайте подумать - let me *, what was I saying? подождите /постойте/, о чем это я говорил? - now, then, let's * ну (ладно), теперь посмотрим осматривать, освидетельствовать (тж. * over) - to * a flat before taking it осмотреть квартиру прежде, чем переехать в нее - we want to * over the house мы хотим осмотреть этот дом - to have smb. * one's work попросить кого-л. посмотреть работу - I want you to * my new coat я хочу, чтобы вы посмотрели мое новое пальто - the doctor ought to * him at once доктор должен сейчас же его осмотреть (редкое) допускать, разрешать - you cannot * your sister starve without trying to help her вы ведь не допустите, чтобы ваша сестра голодала, и попытаетесь помочь ей (карточное) принимать вызов осматривать (достопримечательности) - to * the sights осматривать достопримечательности - Americans manage to * Oxford in a few hours американцы ухитряются осмотреть Оксфорд за несколько часов обращаться( за советом, консультацией и т. п.) - to * a doctor обращаться (за советом) к врачу - you ought to * a doctor immediately вам бы следовало немедленно обратиться к /показаться/ врачу - I must * a lawyer about filing my suit мне нужно посоветоваться с юристом о передаче дела в суд - I wanted to * you on business я хотел поговорить /посоветоваться/ с вами по делу - * him about the book поговори с ним насчет этой книги принимать, быть на приеме (по делу и т. п.) - to manage to * an official добиться приема у чиновника - to refuse to * smb. отказаться принять кого-л. - the rector can't * anyone today сегодня ректор никого не принимает - she can't be seen now сейчас ее нельзя видеть (американизм) предоставлять (слово) - I * Mr. Brown слово предоставляется господину Брауну - to see about smth. позаботиться, подумать о чем-л.;
    проследить, присмотреть за чем-л. - to * about a house позаботиться о жилье - I must * about a new courtain for this room мне нужно подумать о новой шторе для этой комнаты - who will * about the tickets? кто позаботится о билетах? - I'll * about it я этим займусь, это я беру на себя;
    я подумаю /посмотрю/ - he promised to * about the matter он обещал заняться этим вопросом - to see to smth., smb. следить, присматривать за чем-л.,кем-л., заботиться о чем-л., о ком-л. - to * to the house следить за домом, вести домашнее хозяйство - to * to the children присматривать за детьми - we will * to everything мы обо всем позаботимся - to * to the business позаботиться о деле - I'll * to the tickets я займусь билетами;
    я возьму на себя расходы, я оплачу билеты - I shall * to it я этим займусь, я это беру на себя - to * to all the locks and doors проверить все замки и двери - next morning he came in to * to Martha на следующее утро он зашел, чтобы присмотреть за Мартой - to see after smb., smth. ухаживать, присматривать за кем-л., чем-л. - I am going to * after the children я присмотрю за детьми - who will * after the house when you are gone? кто присмотрит за домом, когда вы уедете? заботиться о ком-л., чем-л. - to * after one's own interests заботиться о своих интересах - to see about doing smth. проследить за тем, чтобы что-л. было сделано - to * about packing позаботиться о том, чтобы вещи были уложены - you must * about getting him a coat вы должны позаботиться о том, чтобы у него было пальто - to see smb. to some place провожать, сопровождать кого-л. куда-л. - to * smb. home провожать кого-л. домой - let me * you home разрешите проводить вас домой - to * smb. into a train посадить кого-л. на поезд - to see into smth. изучать что-л.;
    разбираться в чем-л. - to * into a matter изучать какой-л. вопрос - the lawyer will * into your claim юрист рассмотрит ваш иск всматриваться, проникать взором во что-л. - to try and * into the future пытаться предугадать будущее - to * into smb.'s motives разгадать чьи-л. замыслы - to see (to it) that посмотреть, проследить за тем, чтобы что-л. было сделано - * to it that the things are packed by three o'clock последи за тем, чтобы все было уложено к 3 часам - you must * to it that the children are fed properly вам следует позаботиться о том, чтобы детей хорошо кормили - I'll * (to it) that nothing goes wrong я позабочусь, чтобы все было в порядке - * that he comes in time позаботьтесь, чтобы он пришел во время - you will * that he has all he needs вы должны позаботиться, чтобы у него было все необходимое - to see smth. done сделать что-л., постараться, чтобы что-л. было сделано - to * smth. rebuilt перестроить что-л. - the house that I should like to * rebuilt дом, который мне хотелось бы перестроить - to go /to come, to call/ and see smb., to go /to come, to call/ to see smb. навещать кого-л., приходить к кому-л. - go and * him зайди к нему, навести его - come up and * me some time загляни ко мне когда-нибудь - he called to * us он пришел к нам в гости - to see across smth. переводить, провожать (через улицу и т. п.) - ask a grown-up person to see you across the road попроси кого-нибудь из взрослых перевести тебя через улицу > * here! (американизм) послушай(те) ! > wait and *! увидите!, вы еще увидите! > * and don't do it смотри не делай этого > * and don't miss the train смотри, не опоздай на поезд > as far as I can *, from what I can * по моим соображениям, как мне представляется > to * life /the world/ приобрести жизненный опыт;
    (сленг) веселиться, кутить > to * visions быть ясновидящим /провидцем/ > to * the back of smb. отделаться от кого-л.;
    избавиться от чьего-л. присутствия > to * the last of smth., smb. покончить с чем-л., с кем-л., отделаться от чего-л., от кого-л. > I shall be glad to * the last of this job я буду рад отделаться от этой работы > I hope we have seen the last of him надеюсь, что мы от него отделались > to * no further than one's nose не видеть дальше своего носа > to * through a brick wall видеть насквозь;
    видеть на три аршина в землю > to * one's way to do /doing/ smth. видеть возможность сделать что-л. > can't * my way to get the book не вижу возможности /не знаю, как/ достать эту книгу > he will never * forty again ему уже давно перевалило за сорок > * you in church( американизм) (сленг) до скорого!, пока! > (he) saw you coming простофиля за версту виден > to * things галлюцинировать > to * smb. about his business прогнать /вышвырнуть/ кого-л., избавиться от кого-л. > to * through a glass darkly( библеизм) видеть как сквозь тусклое стекло;
    смутно понимать или различать что-л. now you ~ what it is to be careless теперь ты видишь, что значит быть неосторожным;
    as far as I can see насколько я могу судить when will you come and ~ us? когда вы придете к нам?;
    can I see you on business? могу я увидеться с вами по делу? the doctor must ~ him at once врач должен немедленно осмотреть его don't you ~? разве вы не понимаете?;
    I do not see how to do it не знаю, как это сделать he cannot ~ the joke он не понимает этой шутки to ~ service быть в долгом употреблении;
    износиться;
    повидать виды;
    he has seen better days он видел лучшие времена ~ to присматривать за, заботиться о;
    see here! амер. послушайте!;
    he will never see forty again ему уже за сорок ~ престол (епископа и т. п.) ;
    the Holy See папский престол ~ принимать (посетителя) ;
    I am seeing no one today я сегодня никого не принимаю ~ вообразить, представить себе;
    I can clearly see him doing it я ясно себе представляю, как он это делает don't you ~? разве вы не понимаете?;
    I do not see how to do it не знаю, как это сделать ~ узнавать, выяснять;
    I don't know but I'll see я не знаю, но я выясню ~ понимать, знать;
    сознавать;
    I see я понимаю;
    you see, it is like this видите ли, дело обстоит таким образом ~ придерживаться определенного взгляда;
    I see life (things) differently now я теперь иначе смотрю на жизнь( на вещи) ~ about подумать;
    I will see about it подумаю, посмотрю;
    see after смотреть, следить (за чем-л.) I'll be seeing you увидимся;
    see you later (или again, soon) до скорой встречи I'll ~ you damned (или blowed) first разг. = как бы не так!, держи карман шире!, и не подумаю! ~ понимать, знать;
    сознавать;
    I see я понимаю;
    you see, it is like this видите ли, дело обстоит таким образом ~ подумать, размыслить;
    let me see дайте подумать;
    позвольте, постойте ;
    we must see what could be done следует поразмыслить, что можно сделать ~ осматривать;
    to see the sights осматривать достопримечательности;
    let me see the book покажите мне книгу ~ провожать;
    may I see you home? можно мне проводить вас домой? now you ~ what it is to be careless теперь ты видишь, что значит быть неосторожным;
    as far as I can see насколько я могу судить see (saw;
    seen) видеть;
    смотреть, глядеть;
    наблюдать;
    to see well хорошо видеть;
    to see vicions быть ясновидящим, провидцем ~ вообразить, представить себе;
    I can clearly see him doing it я ясно себе представляю, как он это делает ~ встречаться, видаться;
    we have not seen each other for ages мы давно не виделись ~ епархия ~ испытать, пережить;
    to see life повидать свет, познать жизнь;
    to see armyservice отслужить в армии ~ осматривать;
    to see the sights осматривать достопримечательности;
    let me see the book покажите мне книгу ~ повидать(ся) ;
    навестить;
    we went to see her мы пошли к ней в гости ~ подумать, размыслить;
    let me see дайте подумать;
    позвольте, постойте ;
    we must see what could be done следует поразмыслить, что можно сделать ~ позаботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    посмотреть (за чем-л.) ;
    to see the work done, to see that the work is done проследить за выполнением работы ~ понимать, знать;
    сознавать;
    I see я понимаю;
    you see, it is like this видите ли, дело обстоит таким образом ~ престол (епископа и т. п.) ;
    the Holy See папский престол ~ придерживаться определенного взгляда;
    I see life (things) differently now я теперь иначе смотрю на жизнь (на вещи) ~ принимать (посетителя) ;
    I am seeing no one today я сегодня никого не принимаю ~ провожать;
    may I see you home? можно мне проводить вас домой? ~ советоваться, консультироваться;
    to see a doctor (a lawyer) посоветоваться с врачом (адвокатом) ~ считать, находить;
    to see good (или fit, proper, right и т. п.) счесть нужным (сделать что-л., с inf.) ~ узнавать, выяснять;
    I don't know but I'll see я не знаю, но я выясню ~ through доводить до конца;
    to see (smb. through smth.) помогать( кому-л. в чем-л.) ~ советоваться, консультироваться;
    to see a doctor (a lawyer) посоветоваться с врачом (адвокатом) ~ about подумать;
    I will see about it подумаю, посмотрю;
    see after смотреть, следить (за чем-л.) ~ about позаботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    проследить (за чем-л.) ~ about подумать;
    I will see about it подумаю, посмотрю;
    see after смотреть, следить (за чем-л.) ~ after the luggage присмотрите за багажом;
    see into вникать в, рассматривать;
    see off провожать ~ испытать, пережить;
    to see life повидать свет, познать жизнь;
    to see armyservice отслужить в армии to ~ eye to eye (with smb.) сходиться во взглядах( с кем-л.) ;
    to see the back (of smb.) избавиться от (чьего-л.) присутствия ~ считать, находить;
    to see good (или fit, proper, right и т. п.) счесть нужным (сделать что-л., с inf.) ~ to присматривать за, заботиться о;
    see here! амер. послушайте!;
    he will never see forty again ему уже за сорок ~ after the luggage присмотрите за багажом;
    see into вникать в, рассматривать;
    see off провожать to ~ much (little) (of smb.) часто (редко) бывать в (чьем-л.) обществе;
    you ought to see more of him вам следует чаще с ним встречаться ~ after the luggage присмотрите за багажом;
    see into вникать в, рассматривать;
    see off провожать to ~ (smb.) off at the station проводить (кого-л.) на вокзал;
    to see (smb.) off the premises выпроводить( кого-л.) ~ out доводить до конца;
    see over осматривать (здание) ~ out досидеть до конца ~ out пережить ~ out пересидеть( кого-л.) ~ out проводить (до дверей) ~ out доводить до конца;
    see over осматривать (здание) to ~ scarlet прийти в ярость, в бешенство;
    to see the red light предчувствовать приближение опасности, беды to ~ service быть в долгом употреблении;
    износиться;
    повидать виды;
    he has seen better days он видел лучшие времена ~ позаботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    посмотреть (за чем-л.) ;
    to see the work done, to see that the work is done проследить за выполнением работы to ~ eye to eye (with smb.) сходиться во взглядах (с кем-л.) ;
    to see the back (of smb.) избавиться от (чьего-л.) присутствия ~ осматривать;
    to see the sights осматривать достопримечательности;
    let me see the book покажите мне книгу sight: ~ pl достопримечательности;
    to see the sights осматривать достопримечательности ~ позаботиться (о чем-л.) ;
    посмотреть (за чем-л.) ;
    to see the work done, to see that the work is done проследить за выполнением работы ~ through видеть насквозь ~ through доводить до конца;
    to see (smb. through smth.) помогать (кому-л. в чем-л.) ~ through доводить до конца ~ to присматривать за, заботиться о;
    see here! амер. послушайте!;
    he will never see forty again ему уже за сорок see (saw;
    seen) видеть;
    смотреть, глядеть;
    наблюдать;
    to see well хорошо видеть;
    to see vicions быть ясновидящим, провидцем see (saw;
    seen) видеть;
    смотреть, глядеть;
    наблюдать;
    to see well хорошо видеть;
    to see vicions быть ясновидящим, провидцем I'll be seeing you увидимся;
    see you later (или again, soon) до скорой встречи these things have seen better days эти вещи поизносились, поистрепались ~ встречаться, видаться;
    we have not seen each other for ages мы давно не виделись ~ подумать, размыслить;
    let me see дайте подумать;
    позвольте, постойте ;
    we must see what could be done следует поразмыслить, что можно сделать ~ повидать(ся) ;
    навестить;
    we went to see her мы пошли к ней в гости when will you come and ~ us? когда вы придете к нам?;
    can I see you on business? могу я увидеться с вами по делу? to ~ much (little) (of smb.) часто (редко) бывать в (чьем-л.) обществе;
    you ought to see more of him вам следует чаще с ним встречаться ~ понимать, знать;
    сознавать;
    I see я понимаю;
    you see, it is like this видите ли, дело обстоит таким образом

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > see

  • 15 venir

    v.
    1 to come.
    venir a/de hacer algo to come to do something/from doing something
    venir de algo to come from something (proceder, derivarse)
    venir a alguien con algo to come to somebody with something
    no me vengas con exigencias don't come to me making demands
    Una persona vino A person came.
    2 to arrive.
    vino a las doce he arrived at twelve o'clock
    3 to be.
    su foto viene en primera página his photo is o appears on the front page
    el texto viene en inglés the text is in English
    vienen en todos los tamaños they come in every size
    las anchoas vienen en lata anchovies come in tins
    Ella venía cantando por la calle She was singing in the street.
    4 to receive.
    Me vino un telegrama I received a telegram.
    5 to come up, to blow up.
    6 to be the host for.
    Nos vinieron tres personas We were the host for three people.
    7 to come to.
    Nos vino una idea An idea came to us.
    * * *
    Present Indicative
    vengo, vienes, viene, venimos, venís, vienen.
    Past Indicative
    Future Indicative
    Conditional
    Present Subjunctive
    Imperfect Subjunctive
    Future Subjunctive
    Imperative
    ven (tú), venga (él/Vd.), vengamos (nos.), venid (vos.), vengan (ellos/Vds.).
    * * *
    verb
    3) fit
    4) follow, come after
    * * *
    Para las expresiones venir al caso, venir de lejos, venir a las manos, venir a menos, venir a pelo, venir de perlas, venirse abajo, venirse encima, ver la otra entrada.
    1. VERBO INTRANSITIVO
    1) (a un lugar) to come

    ¡ven acá o aquí! — come (over) here!

    ¿y todo esto a quéviene? — what's all this in aid of?

    ¿a qué vienen tantos llantos? — what's all this crying about?

    ¿y ahora a qué vienes? — what do you want now?

    hacer venir a algn, le hicieron venir desde Londres — they had him come (all the way) from London

    hicieron venir al médico — they sent for the doctor, they called out the doctor

    venir (a) por algn/algo — to come for sb/sth

    vinieron (a) por el enfermo — they came to pick up the patient, they came for the patient

    han venido (a) por el coche — they've come to pick up the car, they've come for the car

    venirle a algn con —

    2) (=volver)

    ¡enseguida o ahora vengo! — I'll be right back! *

    3) (=estar) to be
    4) (=ocurrir) to come

    ahora viene lo mejor de la película — this is the best bit in the film, the best bit in the film is coming up now

    - estar a verlas venir
    5) venir de (=provenir) to come from

    la honestidad le viene de familiahonesty runs in her family

    6) (=sobrevenir)
    7) (=quedar)

    este puesto de trabajo me viene grande o ancho — this job is beyond me, this job is too much for me

    venir bien, ¿te viene bien el sábado? — is Saturday all right for you?

    venir mal, mañana me viene mal — tomorrow is inconvenient

    (=futuro)

    las generaciones por venir — future generations, generations to come

    que viene (=próximo) next venga a (con sentido reiterativo)
    a)

    vino a parar o dar a la cárcel — he ended up in jail

    venir a ser, viene a ser 84 en total — it comes to 84 all together

    viene a ser lo mismoit comes to o amounts to the same thing

    b) [+ gerund]
    c) [+ participio]

    venía hecho polvo*he was shattered *

    10) ¡venga!
    ( Esp) *

    ¡venga, vámonos! — come on, let's go!

    ¡venga, una canción! — let's have a song!

    préstame cinco euros, venga — go on, lend me five euros

    -¿quieres que lo hagamos juntos? -¡venga! — "shall we do it together?" - "come on, then"

    -¡hasta luego! -¡venga! — "see you later!" - "O.K.!" o"right!"

    ¡venga ya, no seas pesado! — come on, don't be such a bore!

    -me ha tocado la lotería -¡venga ya! — "I've won the lottery" - "you're kidding! *"

    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    vine en tren/avión — I came by train/plane

    ¿a qué vino? — what did he come by o around for?

    ¿ha venido el electricista? — has the electrician been?

    venir por or (Esp) a por alguien/algo — to come for somebody/something, come to pick somebody/something up

    venir a + inf — to come to + inf

    b) ( volver) to come back
    c) ( salir)

    venir con algo: me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse; no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands; no me vengas con eso ahora don't give me that (colloq); y ahora viene con que necesita el doble — and now he says he needs double

    d) ( sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    me vino una gripeI came o went down with flu

    me vinieron unas ganas de reír... — I felt like bursting out laughing

    2)

    ¿qué viene después de las noticias? — what's on after the news?

    ¿a qué viene eso? — why do you say that?

    ¿a qué vienen esos gritos? — what's all the shouting about?

    3) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( quedar) (+ compl)
    b) ( convenir) (+ compl)

    ¿te viene bien a las ocho? — is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?

    a)

    venir a + inf: esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions; vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30; el precio viene a ser el mismo — the price works out (about) the same

    b)

    venir + ger: hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along; viene trabajando aquí desde hace muchos años — he has been working here for many years

    2.
    venirse v pron (enf)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    ¿te vienes al parque? — are you coming to the park?

    venirse abajo persona to go to pieces; techo to fall in, collapse; estante to collapse; ilusiones to go up in smoke; proyectos to fall through

    b) ( volver) to come back
    * * *
    = come.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado came, participio come.
    Ex. This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.
    ----
    * ¡venga ya! = on your bike!.
    * ir y venir = come and go.
    * lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = be a blessing in disguise.
    * Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre.
    * no venir al caso = be immaterial.
    * no venir mal + Infinitivo = not hurt to + Infinitivo.
    * que viene = incoming.
    * que viene el lobo = crying wolf.
    * sin venir a cuento = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin venir a pelo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * ven aquí = come over here.
    * venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * venir a la mente = spring to + mind.
    * venir al mundo = come into + the world.
    * venir a menos = retrench.
    * venir aquí = come over.
    * venir a ser lo mismo que = amount to + the same thing as.
    * venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.
    * venir como anillo al dedo = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be right as rain, fit + the bill, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir con = come with.
    * venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.
    * venir de maravilla = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * venir de perilla = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir en son de paz = come in + peace.
    * venir instintivamente a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * venirle a Uno a la mente = come to + mind.
    * venir muy bien = fit + the bill.
    * venir por naturaleza a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venirse abajo = break down, tumble down, tumble, fall + apart.
    * ver Algo venir = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * verse venir = be on the cards.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo intransitivo
    1)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    vine en tren/avión — I came by train/plane

    ¿a qué vino? — what did he come by o around for?

    ¿ha venido el electricista? — has the electrician been?

    venir por or (Esp) a por alguien/algo — to come for somebody/something, come to pick somebody/something up

    venir a + inf — to come to + inf

    b) ( volver) to come back
    c) ( salir)

    venir con algo: me vino con un cuento he came up with some excuse; no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands; no me vengas con eso ahora don't give me that (colloq); y ahora viene con que necesita el doble — and now he says he needs double

    d) ( sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc)

    me vino una gripeI came o went down with flu

    me vinieron unas ganas de reír... — I felt like bursting out laughing

    2)

    ¿qué viene después de las noticias? — what's on after the news?

    ¿a qué viene eso? — why do you say that?

    ¿a qué vienen esos gritos? — what's all the shouting about?

    3) (+ me/te/le etc)
    a) ( quedar) (+ compl)
    b) ( convenir) (+ compl)

    ¿te viene bien a las ocho? — is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?

    a)

    venir a + inf: esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this confirms my suspicions; vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30; el precio viene a ser el mismo — the price works out (about) the same

    b)

    venir + ger: hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along; viene trabajando aquí desde hace muchos años — he has been working here for many years

    2.
    venirse v pron (enf)
    a) ( a un lugar) to come

    ¿te vienes al parque? — are you coming to the park?

    venirse abajo persona to go to pieces; techo to fall in, collapse; estante to collapse; ilusiones to go up in smoke; proyectos to fall through

    b) ( volver) to come back
    * * *
    = come.
    Nota: Verbo irregular: pasado came, participio come.

    Ex: This article urges children's librarians to attack 'aliteracy' (lack of a desire to read) as well as illiteracy by taking programmes, e.g. story hours, to children who do not come to libraries.

    * ¡venga ya! = on your bike!.
    * ir y venir = come and go.
    * lo bueno viene en frascos pequeños = small is beautiful.
    * no hay mal que por bien no venga = be a blessing in disguise.
    * Nombre/Pronombre + vino como anillo al dedo = it worked out beautifully for + Nombre/Pronombre.
    * no venir al caso = be immaterial.
    * no venir mal + Infinitivo = not hurt to + Infinitivo.
    * que viene = incoming.
    * que viene el lobo = crying wolf.
    * sin venir a cuento = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, like a bolt from the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sin venir a pelo = out of the blue, like a bolt out of the blue, for no reason, for no specific reason, for no particular reason, for no good reason.
    * sistema + venirse abajo = system + crash.
    * ven aquí = come over here.
    * venir a continuación de + Nombre = come in + Posesivo + footsteps.
    * venir a la mente = spring to + mind.
    * venir al mundo = come into + the world.
    * venir a menos = retrench.
    * venir aquí = come over.
    * venir a ser lo mismo que = amount to + the same thing as.
    * venir bien = be none the worse for (that), suit + best.
    * venir como anillo al dedo = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be right as rain, fit + the bill, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir con = come with.
    * venir con buenas intenciones = come in + peace.
    * venir de maravilla = be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir de mucho tiempo atrás = go back + a long way.
    * venir de perilla = be (right) up + Posesivo + alley, be + Posesivo + cup of tea, be just the thing, be just the ticket, be just the job.
    * venir en son de paz = come in + peace.
    * venir instintivamente a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venir justo después de = come on + the heels of.
    * venirle Algo grande a Alguien = get + too big for + Posesivo + boots, get + too big for + Posesivo + breeches.
    * venirle a Uno a la mente = come to + mind.
    * venir muy bien = fit + the bill.
    * venir por naturaleza a = come + naturally to, be second nature to + Pronombre.
    * venirse abajo = break down, tumble down, tumble, fall + apart.
    * ver Algo venir = the (hand)writing + be + on the wall, see it + coming.
    * verse venir = be on the cards.

    * * *
    venir [ I31 ]
    vi
    A
    1 (a un lugar) to come
    vine en tren/avión I came by train/plane
    ¿puedes venir un momento? can you come here a second?
    casi nos matamos viniendo or al venir de Medellín we nearly got killed on our way from o coming from Medellín
    ¿a qué vino? what did he come by o around o ( BrE) round for?
    ¿ha venido el electricista? has the electrician been?
    ¡que venga el encargado! I want to see the person in charge!
    vengo de parte del Sr Díaz Mr Díaz sent me, I'm here on behalf of Mr Díaz
    ¿vienes solo? — no, con un amigo have you come on your own? — no, with a friend
    vine dormida todo el tiempo I slept (for) the whole journey
    viene furiosa she's furious
    venir POR algn to come for sb, come to pick sb up
    vienen por mí a las ocho they're coming for me o they're picking me up at eight
    venir ( A) POR algo to come for sth, come to pick sth up
    vinieron (a) por el pan they came for o came to pick up the bread
    venir A + INF:
    ven a ver esto come and see this
    vienen a pasar unos días con nosotros they're coming to spend a few days with us
    a las siete me vienen a buscar they're coming to pick me up at seven
    el que venga detrás que arree ( fam); let the next person sort things out
    2 (volver) to come back
    no vengas tarde don't be late home o back, don't come home o back late
    ahora vengo I'll be back in a moment
    vino muy cansado del viaje he was very tired when he got back from his trip, he came back very tired from his trip
    3 (con excusas, exigencias) venir CON algo:
    no me vengas ahora con exigencias don't start making demands now
    no me vengas con cuentos I don't want (to hear) any excuses, don't give me any excuses
    y ahora viene con que necesita el doble and now he says he needs double
    4 (sobrevenir) (+ me/te/le etc):
    me vino una gripe I came o went down with flu
    me vinieron unas ganas de reír … I felt like bursting out laughing
    B
    1
    (tener lugar): ahora viene esa escena que te conté that scene I told you about is coming up now
    entonces vino la guerra then the war came
    ¿qué viene ahora después de las noticias? what's on after the news?
    vino una ola de frío inesperada there was an unexpected cold spell
    ya vendrán tiempos mejores things will get better
    una tela que viene de la India a cloth that's made in o that comes from India
    esa palabra viene del griego that word comes from Greek
    la enfermedad le viene de familia the illness runs in his family
    el problema viene ya de lejos the problem goes back a long way
    de ahí viene que tenga tantas deudas that's why he has so many debts
    3
    ¿a qué viene/vienen …?: ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?
    ¿a qué vienen esos gritos? what's all the shouting about o ( colloq) in aid of?, why all the shouting? ( colloq) what's with all the shouting? ( colloq)
    4
    (indicando presentación): el folleto viene en inglés y en francés the brochure is available in English and in French, you can get the brochure in English and in French
    viene en tres tamaños it comes in three sizes
    así venía, yo no lo he tocado it came like that, I haven't touched it
    5
    (estar incluido): su foto viene en la primera página her picture is on the front page
    no viene nada sobre la manifestación de ayer there's nothing about yesterday's demonstration
    C
    (quedar) «falda/traje» (+ compl): esa camisa te viene ancha that shirt's too big for you
    ese abrigo te viene mal that coat doesn't suit you o doesn't look right on you
    el cargo le viene grande the job's too much for him, he isn't up to the job
    estas cajas me vendrán muy bien para la mudanza these boxes will be useful o ( colloq) will come in handy when I move
    ¿te viene bien a las ocho? is eight o'clock all right o OK for you?, does eight o'clock suit you?
    el jueves no me viene bien Thursday's no good o not a good day for me, I can't make Thursday
    no me vendrían mal unas vacaciones I could do with a vacation
    los abajo firmantes venimos en declarar que … we, the undersigned, hereby declare that …
    1 venir A + INF:
    esto viene a confirmar mis sospechas this serves to confirm my suspicions, this confirms my suspicions
    vendrá a tener unos 30 años she must be about 30
    el precio viene a ser el mismo the price works out (about) the same, they're around the same price
    2 venir + GER:
    viene utilizando nuestros servicios desde hace muchos años he has been using our services for many years
    A ( enf)
    1 (a un lugar) to come
    se han venido desde Málaga a vernos they've come (all the way) from Malaga to see us
    ¿te vienes al parque? are you coming to the park?
    venirse abajo «persona» to go to pieces;
    «techo» to fall in, collapse; «estante» to collapse; «ilusiones» to go up in smoke, fall apart; «proyectos» to fall through, go up in smoke
    2 (volver) to come back
    estaban de vacaciones pero tuvieron que venirse they were on vacation but they had to come back o come home
    * * *

     

    venir ( conjugate venir) verbo intransitivo
    1


    ¿a qué vino? what did he come by o around for?;
    vine dormida todo el tiempo I slept (for) the whole journey;
    venir por or (Esp) a por algn/algo to come for sb/sth, come to pick sb/sth up;
    la vino a buscar su madre her mother came to pick her up;
    ven a ver esto come and see this


    no vengas tarde don't be late home o back
    c) ( salir):


    no me vengas con exigencias don't start making demands
    2


    ¿qué viene después de las noticias? what's on after the news?;
    ya vendrán tiempos mejores things will get better
    b) ( indicando procedencia) venir de algo to come from sth;


    le viene de familia it runs in his family;
    ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?




    no viene nada sobre la huelga there's nothing about the strike
    3 ( convenir):

    el jueves no me viene bien Thursday's no good for me;
    me vendría bien un descanso I could do with a rest
    4 ( como aux):

    hace mucho que lo venía diciendo I'd been saying so all along
    venirse verbo pronominal ( enf)


    venirse abajo [ persona] to go to pieces;

    [ techo] to fall in, collapse;
    [ estante] to collapse;
    [ ilusiones] to go up in smoke;
    [ proyectos] to fall through

    venir verbo intransitivo
    1 to come
    ven y mira lo que he dibujado, come and see what I've drawn
    2 (llegar) to come: viene el invierno, winter is coming
    acaba de venir de la tienda, he's just come from the shop
    3 (volver) to come back: vengo en un minuto, I'll be back in a minute
    4 (proceder) to come from: estos juguetes vienen de China, these toys come from China
    5 (surgir, sobrevenir) me vino la gripe, I went down with flu
    (suceder) entonces vino la guerra civil, then came the civil war
    6 (quedar) este jersey me viene grande, this sweater is too big for me
    7 (aparecer, presentarse) to come: esa información viene en el capítulo dos, that information comes in chapter two
    ¿viene algo del terremoto?, is there anything about the earthquake?
    viene en un estuche verde, it comes in a green case
    8 (indicando aproximación) este libro viene a tener unos cien años, this book must be about a hundred years old
    ♦ Locuciones: venir al mundo, to be born
    venir de lejos, to come from afar
    ' venir' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaso
    - acercarse
    - acudir
    - adelantarse
    - animarse
    - balde
    - caso
    - comprometerse
    - constructor
    - constructora
    - convenir
    - en
    - esperar
    - familia
    - graduación
    - gratuitamente
    - hacer
    - hispanista
    - inconveniente
    - lástima
    - menos
    - molestia
    - pelo
    - precisamente
    - sobrevenir
    - son
    - tejemaneje
    - aceptar
    - anillo
    - aprovechar
    - atraer
    - corazonada
    - cosa
    - cuento
    - hombre
    - importar
    - ir
    - jalar
    - macana
    - molestar
    - mundo
    - parar
    - perilla
    - poco
    - poder
    - quedar
    - seguir
    - soler
    - subir
    - suponer
    English:
    amenable
    - and
    - bank on
    - call out
    - card
    - come
    - come along
    - come in
    - come over
    - come round
    - family
    - handy
    - have
    - let
    - like
    - pop over
    - shuttle
    - spot
    - suit
    - tale
    - taste
    - too
    - useful
    - visit
    - walk about
    - welcome
    - agreeable
    - aid
    - better
    - delighted
    - down
    - expect
    - foot
    - get
    - obviously
    - one
    - shall
    - thank
    - will
    - would
    * * *
    vi
    1. [desplazarse, aproximarse] to come;
    ayer vino a casa she came to visit us yesterday;
    ¿de dónde vienes? where have you been?;
    vengo del mercado I've come from o been to the market;
    venir a/de hacer algo to come to do sth/from doing sth;
    ¿a qué has venido? why have you come?, what have you come for?;
    ven a ayudarme come and help me;
    voy y vengo I'll be right back;
    he venido (a) por Marta I've come for Marta;
    vinieron (a) por mí al aeropuerto they picked me up at the airport;
    todos veníamos muy cansados we were all very tired;
    vino hablando todo el camino she spent the whole journey talking;
    el año/mes que viene next year/month;
    RP
    venir al teléfono to come to the phone
    2. [llegar] to arrive;
    [regresar] to get back;
    aún no ha venido [llegado] she hasn't arrived yet;
    [regresado] she's not back yet;
    vendré tarde I'll be late (back);
    ¿han venido los del gas? has the gas man come yet?;
    cuando venga el verano when summer arrives
    3. [pasar, ocurrir]
    en aquel año vino una recesión there was a recession that year;
    ¿qué viene ahora? what comes next?;
    después de este programa viene una película after this programme there's a movie
    4. [proceder, derivarse]
    venir de algo to come from sth;
    viene de familia rica she's from o she comes from a rich family;
    el talento para la música le viene de familia the gift for music runs in the family;
    ¿de qué árbol viene el caucho? from what tree do we get rubber?;
    de ahí viene que te duela la espalda that's why your back is hurting;
    viniendo de ella no me sorprende it doesn't surprise me, coming from her
    5. Fam [decir, soltar]
    venir a alguien con algo to come to sb with sth;
    no me vengas con exigencias don't come to me making demands;
    ¡no me vengas con ésas! don't give me that!;
    vino con que le hacía falta el dinero he said he needed the money
    6. [hallarse] to be;
    su foto viene en primera página his photo is o appears on the front page;
    ¿dónde viene la sección de deportes? where's the sports section?;
    el texto viene en inglés the text is in English;
    vienen en todos los tamaños they come in every size;
    las anchoas vienen en lata anchovies come in cans o Br tins
    7. [acometer, sobrevenir]
    me viene sueño I'm getting sleepy;
    me venían ganas de vomitar I kept wanting to be sick;
    le vinieron ganas de reír he was seized by a desire to laugh;
    me ha venido el periodo my period has started;
    le vino una tremenda desgracia he suffered a great misfortune
    8. [ropa, calzado]
    ¿qué tal te viene? does it fit all right?;
    el abrigo le viene pequeño the coat is too small for her;
    este trabajo le viene un poco ancho o [m5] grande he's not really up to this job
    9. [convenir]
    venir bien/mal a alguien to suit/not to suit sb;
    el diccionario me vendrá muy bien the dictionary will come in very useful;
    ¿qué tal te viene el lunes? how's Monday for you?, how does Monday suit you?;
    mañana no me viene bien tomorrow isn't a good day for me, I can't make it tomorrow;
    no te vendrían mal unas vacaciones you could use a Br holiday o US vacation
    10. [indica aproximación o resultado]
    viene a costar un millón it costs almost a million;
    esto viene a significar… this effectively means…;
    ¿cómo has venido a parar aquí? how did you end up here?;
    venir a ser to amount to;
    viene a ser lo mismo it doesn't make much difference;
    venir a menos [negocio] to go downhill;
    [persona] to go down in the world;
    son una familia venida a menos they're a family which has gone down in the world
    11. Fam [orgasmo]
    me viene I'm coming
    12.
    ¿a qué viene…?: ¿a qué viene eso? what do you mean by that?, what's that in aid of?;
    ¿a qué viene tanta amabilidad? why all this kindness?, what's all this kindness in aid of?
    v aux
    1. [antes de gerundio] [haber estado]
    venir haciendo algo to have been doing sth;
    vengo diciéndolo desde hace tiempo I've been saying so for some time now;
    las peleas vienen sucediéndose desde hace tiempo fighting has been going on for some time;
    el desempleo viene siendo el mayor problema unemployment has been the major problem
    2. [antes de participio] [haber sido]
    los cambios vienen motivados por la presión de la oposición the changes have resulted from pressure on the part of the opposition;
    un espectáculo que viene precedido de gran polémica a show which has been surrounded by controversy
    * * *
    v/i
    1 come;
    venir de Lima come from Lima;
    a por algo come for sth, come to collect sth;
    viene a ser lo mismo it comes down to the same thing;
    venir a menos come down in the world;
    le vino una idea an idea occurred to him
    2
    :
    venir bien/mal be convenient/ inconvenient
    3 ( sentar)
    :
    el vestido me viene estrecho this dress is too tight for me
    4
    :
    viene en la página 3 it’s on page 3
    5
    :
    ¿a qué viene eso? why do you say that?;
    no me vengas ahora con … I don’t want to hear your…
    6
    :
    el año que viene next year, the coming year, the year to come
    7
    :
    ¡venga! venga aquí, no seas pesado come on!
    * * *
    venir {87} vi
    1) : to come
    lo vi venir: I saw him coming
    ¡venga!: come on!
    2) : to arrive
    vinieron en coche: they came by car
    3) : to come, to originate
    sus zapatos vienen de Italia: her shoes are from Italy
    4) : to come, to be available
    viene envuelto en plástico: it comes wrapped in plastic
    5) : to come back, to return
    6) : to affect, to overcome
    me vino un vahído: a dizzy spell came over me
    7) : to fit
    te viene un poco grande: it's a little big for you
    viene entrenando diariamente: he's been training daily
    9)
    venir a (with the infinitive) : to end up, to turn out
    viene a ser lo mismo: it comes out the same
    que viene : coming, next
    el año que viene: next year
    venir bien : to be suitable, to be just right
    * * *
    venir vb
    1. (en general) to come [pt. came; pp. come]
    ¿cuándo vendrás a vernos? when will you come to see us?
    ¿has venido en tren? did you come by train?
    2. (volver) to be back
    3. (estar, ser) to be
    ¡venga! come on!
    ¡venga ya! come off it!
    ¿te viene bien esta tarde? does this afternoon suit you?

    Spanish-English dictionary > venir

  • 16 see

    I [si:] n церк.
    1. епархия
    2. престол
    3. чин епископа
    4. папство

    the Holy See, the See of Rome - папский престол

    II [si:] v (saw; seen)
    I
    1. видеть

    to see well [poorly] - видеть хорошо [плохо]

    cats see well at night - кошки хорошо видят ночью /в темноте/

    he can't see - он не видит, он слепой

    I looked but saw nothing - я посмотрел, но ничего не увидел

    2. 1) смотреть, видеть

    to see a play [a film] - смотреть пьесу [фильм]

    I saw an interesting story the other day - на днях мне попался на глаза интересный рассказ

    have you seen today's paper? - вы видели сегодняшнюю газету?

    did you see about her death in the paper? - вы читали извещение о её смерти в газетах?

    let me see that letter - покажите мне это письмо, разрешите взглянуть на это письмо

    to see smth. with one's own eyes - видеть что-л. собственными глазами

    all this took place in the street, where all could see - всё это произошло на улице на глазах у всех

    he is not fit to be seen - он в таком виде, что не может показаться на людях

    what sort of man is he to see? - какой он на вид?

    see, here he comes! - смотри /видишь/, вот он идёт!

    2) справляться, смотреть
    3. представлять себе

    to see things wrong - неправильно судить о чём-л.

    as I see it - как мне это представляется /кажется/

    4. находить, обнаруживать

    I can see no faults in him - я не вижу /не нахожу/ в нём никаких недостатков

    I see no alternative /no way out/ - я не вижу иного пути /выхода/

    I don't know what you can see in her - я не знаю, что вы в ней находите

    5. понимать, сознавать

    to see a joke [the meaning, a point in discussion] - понимать шутку [смысл, суть спора]

    he can't see a joke - он не понимает шуток, у него нет чувства юмора

    I see what you mean - я понимаю, что ты имеешь в виду /что ты хочешь сказать/

    I see what you are driving at - я понимаю, к чему вы клоните

    now do you see? - теперь вам понятно?

    I see! - понимаю!, ясно!

    see? - разг. понятно?

    that is easy to see - это легко /нетрудно/ понять

    don't /can't/ you see I'm tired? - ты не понимаешь, что я устал?

    it's like this, you see - видите ли, дело обстоит так

    I see that you have changed your mind - я вижу, что вы передумали

    see what you've done! - посмотри, что ты наделал!

    see what courage can do! - вот что значит мужество!

    to see for oneself - убедиться (в чём-л.) самому

    go and see for yourself if you don't believe me - если вы мне не верите, пойдите убедитесь сами

    I can't see the good of it! - к чему это?

    not to see the use [the good, the advantage] of doing smth. - сомневаться в целесообразности [в пользе, в преимуществе] чего-л.

    I don't see the use of crying - бесполезно плакать; напрасно (вы) плачете

    6. испытывать, переживать (что-л.); сталкиваться (с чем-л.)

    he has seen a good deal in his (long) life - он немало повидал /испытал/ на своём веку

    I have seen war at close quarters - я на себе испытал, что такое война

    to have seen better days - а) знавать лучшие времена; обеднеть; б) поизноситься, поистрепаться, потерять свежесть ( о вещи)

    the nineteenth century saw the rise of our literature - девятнадцатый век был свидетелем расцвета нашей литературы

    7. видеться, встречаться

    I haven't seen you for /in/ ages - я вас не видел целую вечность

    when shall I see you again? - когда мы опять встретимся?

    see you on Thursday! - до четверга!

    I shall see you again soon, амер. I'll be seeing you - до скорой встречи

    8. узнавать; выяснять

    see who it is - посмотри /узнай/, кто это

    see if the postman has come - посмотрите /узнайте/, не пришёл ли почтальон

    I don't know but I'll see - я не знаю, но я пойду и выясню

    see if you can get an evening paper - пойди узнай, нельзя ли достать вечернюю газету

    I see in the papers that... - из газет я узнал /в газетах пишут/, что...

    9. обдумывать

    I'll see what can be done - я подумаю /посмотрю/, что можно сделать

    see what you can do - подумайте, что можно сделать

    will you come to dinner tomorrow? - Well, I'll see - вы придёте завтра обедать? - Я подумаю /Может быть, там видно будет/

    well, we'll see - посмотрим, подумаем, там видно будет

    that remains to be seen, we shall see - (это) ещё неизвестно, время покажет

    let me see - постойте, подождите, дайте подумать

    let me see, what was I saying? - подождите /постойте/, о чём это я говорил?

    now, then, let's see - ну (ладно), теперь посмотрим

    10. осматривать, освидетельствовать (тж. see over)

    to see a flat before taking it - осмотреть квартиру прежде, чем переехать в неё

    to have smb. see one's work - попросить кого-л. посмотреть работу

    I want you to see my new coat - я хочу, чтобы вы посмотрели моё новое пальто

    the doctor ought to see him at once - доктор должен сейчас же его осмотреть

    11. редк. допускать, разрешать

    you cannot see your sister starve without trying to help her - вы ведь не допустите, чтобы ваша сестра голодала, и попытаетесь помочь ей

    12. карт. принимать вызов
    II А
    1. осматривать ( достопримечательности)

    to see the sights [the town] - осматривать достопримечательности [достопримечательности города]

    Americans manage to see Oxford in a few hours - американцы ухитряются осмотреть Оксфорд за несколько часов

    2. 1) обращаться (за советом, консультацией и т. п.)

    to see a doctor [a lawyer] - обращаться (за советом) к врачу [к юристу]

    you ought to see a doctor immediately - вам бы следовало немедленно обратиться к /показаться/ врачу

    I must see a lawyer about filing my suit - мне нужно посоветоваться с юристом о передаче дела в суд

    I wanted to see you on business - я хотел поговорить /посоветоваться/ с вами по делу

    2) принимать, быть на приёме (по делу и т. п.)

    to refuse to see smb. - отказаться принять кого-л.

    3. амер. предоставлять ( слово)

    I see Mr. Brown - слово предоставляется господину Брауну

    II Б
    1. to see about smth. позаботиться, подумать о чём-л.; проследить, присмотреть за чем-л.

    to see about a house [dinner] - позаботиться о жилье [об обеде]

    I must see about a new curtain for this room - мне нужно подумать о новой шторе для этой комнаты

    who will see about the tickets? - кто позаботится о билетах?

    I'll see about it - а) я этим займусь, это я беру на себя; б) я подумаю /посмотрю/

    2. to see to smth., smb. следить, присматривать за чем-л., кем-л., заботиться о чём-л., ком-л.

    to see to the house - следить за домом, вести домашнее хозяйство

    I'll see to the tickets - а) я займусь билетами; б) я возьму на себя расходы, я оплачу билеты

    I shall see to it - я этим займусь, я это беру на себя

    next morning he came in to see to Martha - на следующее утро он зашёл, чтобы присмотреть за Мартой

    3. to see after smb., smth.
    1) ухаживать, присматривать за кем-л., чем-л.

    who will see after the house when you are gone? - кто присмотрит за домом, когда вы уедете?

    2) заботиться о ком-л., чём-л.

    to see after one's own [smb.'s] interests - заботиться о своих [о чьих-л.] интересах

    4. to see about doing smth. проследить за тем, чтобы что-л. было сделано

    to see about packing [ordering a car] - позаботиться о том, чтобы вещи были уложены [чтобы заказать машину]

    you must see about getting him a coat - вы должны позаботиться, чтобы у него было пальто

    5. to see smb. to some place провожать, сопровождать кого-л. куда-л.

    to see smb. home [to the door, as far as the station] - провожать кого-л. домой [до двери, до станции]

    to see smb. into a train [on board a ship] - посадить кого-л. на поезд [на пароход]

    6. to see into smth.
    1) изучать что-л.; разбираться в чём-л.

    to see into a matter [an affair] - изучать какой-л. вопрос [какое-л. дело]

    2) всматриваться, проникать взором во что-л.

    to see into smb.'s motives - разгадать чьи-л. замыслы

    7. to see ( to it) that посмотреть, проследить за тем, чтобы что-л. было сделано

    see to it that the things are packed by three o'clock - последи за тем, чтобы всё было уложено к 3 часам

    you must see to it that the children are fed properly - вам следует позаботиться о том, чтобы детей хорошо кормили

    I'll see (to it) that nothing goes wrong [that nothing has been neglected] - я позабочусь, чтобы всё было в порядке [чтобы ничего не забыли]

    see that he comes in time - позаботьтесь, чтобы он пришёл вовремя

    you will see that he has all he needs - вы должны позаботиться, чтобы у него было всё необходимое

    8. to see smth. done сделать что-л., постараться, чтобы что-л. было сделано

    to see smth. rebuilt [changed] - перестроить [изменить] что-л.

    the house that I should like to see rebuilt - дом, который мне хотелось бы перестроить

    9. to go /to come, to call/ and see smb., to go /to come, to call/ to see smb. навещать кого-л., приходить к кому-л.

    go and see him - зайди к нему, навести его

    10. to see across smth. переводить, провожать (через улицу и т. п.)

    ask a grown-up person to see you across the road - попроси кого-нибудь из взрослых перевести тебя через улицу

    see here! - амер. послушай(те)!

    wait and see! - увидите!, вы ещё увидите!

    as far as I can see, from what I can see - по моим соображениям, как мне представляется

    to see life /the world/ - а) приобрести жизненный опыт; б) сл. веселиться, кутить

    to see visions - быть ясновидящим /провидцем/

    to see the back of smb. - отделаться от кого-л.; избавиться от чьего-л. присутствия

    to see the last of smth., smb. - покончить с чем-л., с кем-л., отделаться от чего-л., от кого-л.

    I shall be glad to see the last of this job - я буду рад отделаться от этой работы

    I hope we have seen the last of him - надеюсь, что мы от него отделались

    to see through a brick wall - видеть насквозь; ≅ видеть на три аршина в землю

    to see one's way to do /doing/ smth. - видеть возможность сделать что-л.

    can't see my way to get the book - не вижу возможности /не знаю, как/ достать эту книгу

    see you in church - амер. сл. до скорого!, пока!

    (he) saw you coming - ≅ простофиля за версту виден

    to see smb. about his business - прогнать /вышвырнуть/ кого-л., избавиться от кого-л.

    НБАРС > see

  • 17 valor2

    2 = attribute value, esteem, value, value, worth, worthiness, goodness.
    Ex. Others have used possibility distributions for representing fuzzily known or incompletely known attribute values.
    Ex. The two cases perhaps indicate the beginning of attitudinal changes in awards administrators which will give parity of esteem to information-driven programmes.
    Ex. A good initial value for this field will start the system off with a good guess so that claims for missing issues are not unreasonable at the beginning.
    Ex. This stop list is input to the computer before indexing can commence, and is a list of the words which appear in text which have no value as access words in an index.
    Ex. The circulation of large numbers of books regardless of their worth to multitudes of people is no better criterion of mental health than is the profitable sale of quack medicines evidence of bodily health.
    Ex. Another goal of terrorism is to demonstrate to terrorists their own worthiness and thus to claim a sort of moral victory over their enemies.
    Ex. Measurement in and of itself is neutral and cannot indicate ' goodness' or 'badness' = La medición en sí misma es neutral y no puede indicar lo bueno o malo que algo es.
    ----
    * adición de valor = value adding.
    * adquirir un valor añadido = take on + added weight.
    * asignar valor a = attach + value to.
    * aumentar de valor = increase in + value.
    * bolsa de valores = stock exchange, stock market, share market.
    * Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York = New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).
    * cadena de valores = value chain.
    * carecer de valor = have + a hollow ring.
    * carente de valor = worthless.
    * centrado en los valores = value-driven.
    * código de valores = code of values.
    * conflicto de valores = conflict of values.
    * con juicio de valor = value-loaded.
    * conjunto de valores = set of values.
    * contabilidad de valores devengados = accrual accounting.
    * con valores difusos = fuzzy-valued.
    * conversión en valor monetario = monetisation [monetization, -USA].
    * convertido en valor monetario = monetised [monetized, -pl.].
    * convertir en valor monetario = monetise [monetize, -USA].
    * dar mucho valor a Algo = value + Nombre + highly.
    * dar valor = imbue with + value.
    * de gran valor = highly valued, highly valuable.
    * de gran valor histórico = of great historical value.
    * de incalculable valor = priceless.
    * de poco valor = a dime a dozen.
    * descomposición por valores simples = singular value decomposition.
    * de valor = of value.
    * de valor añadido = value-added, value-adding.
    * de valor equiparable = of comparable worth.
    * de valor incalculable = invaluable.
    * disminuir el valor de = belittle.
    * edificio de valor histórico = heritage-listed building.
    * emitir un juicio de valor = exercise + value judgment, pass + value judgement.
    * enfrentamiento de valores = conflict of values.
    * escala de valores = graded range, set of values.
    * establecer valores = establish + values.
    * falta de valor = worthlessness.
    * forma de la curva estadística en su valor más alto = peak-shape.
    * hacer prevaler las ideas y valores de uno mismo = assert + own ideas and values.
    * hacer que tenga más valor = put + a premium on.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de igual valor = equal pay for equal work.
    * igualdad de retribución por un trabajo de valor comparable = equal pay for comparable work.
    * impuesto sobre el valor añadido (IVA) = value added tax (VAT).
    * juicio de valor = value judgement.
    * mercado de valores = stock market, share market.
    * método del Valor de Discriminación (DV) = Discrimination Value model (DV).
    * minar los valores tradicionales = undermine + traditional values.
    * no tener valor = be valueless.
    * nuevo valor = newcomer.
    * objeto de valor = valuable.
    * objeto de valor cultural = cultural valuable.
    * objetos de valor = valuables.
    * perder valor = lose + Posesivo + value.
    * pérdida de valor = devaluation, loss of value.
    * pez de valor = game fish.
    * por valor de + Número = amounting to + Cantidad.
    * quitar el valor = render + valueless.
    * quitar valor = devalue, deflate.
    * reducir el valor = reduce + value.
    * regla del valor literal = face value rule.
    * ser de poco valor = be of little use, be of little value.
    * ser de un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * servicios de red de valor añadido (VANS) = value added network services (VANS).
    * sin valor = dummy, worthless, valueless, drossy.
    * sistema de valores = system of values, value system.
    * sistema de valores personales = personal value system.
    * sistema de valores sociales = social value system.
    * tener poco valor = be of little value.
    * tener un valor especial = be of particular value.
    * tener valor = count.
    * valor afectivo del servicio = affect of service.
    * valor añadido = added benefit, added value.
    * valor atípico = outlier.
    * valor característico = eigenvalue.
    * valor comercial = marketing value, commercial paper.
    * valor cultural = cultural value.
    * valor de la novedad = novelty value.
    * valor de la propiedad = property value.
    * valor de ley = force of law.
    * valor de ordenación = filing value.
    * valor de pertinencia = estimation of relevance.
    * valor de predicción = predictive power.
    * valor de retención = retention value.
    * valor económico = monetary value, economic value, monetary worth.
    * valor efectivo = cash value.
    * valores = assets, ethos, equities, equity shares.
    * valores agregados = value chain.
    * valores añadidos = value chain.
    * valores de la bolsa = stock prices, stock market quotations.
    * valores familiares = family values.
    * valor específico = weight, weighting.
    * valores y normas de comportamiento de los miembros de una instutición = corporate culture.
    * valor ético = ethical value.
    * valor fundamental = asset.
    * valor global = overall value.
    * valor humano = human value.
    * valor intrínsico = intrinsic worth.
    * valor máximo = high-water mark.
    * valor medicinal = medicinal value.
    * valor medio = midrange, mean value.
    * valor mínimo = low-water mark.
    * valor monetario = monetary value, monetary worth.
    * valor moral = moral value.
    * valor numérico = numerical value.
    * valor numérico exacto = crisp value.
    * valor nutritivo = nutritional value, nutrient value.
    * valor político = political value.
    * valor por omisión = default value.
    * valor positivo = virtue.
    * valor representativo = eigenvalue.
    * valor social = social value.
    * VAN (red de valor añadido) = VAN (value added network).

    Spanish-English dictionary > valor2

См. также в других словарях:

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